Aslam, K.; Iqbal, S. Z.; Razis, A. F. A.; Usman, S.; Ali, N. B. Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, 18, 2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052270.
Aslam, K.; Iqbal, S. Z.; Razis, A. F. A.; Usman, S.; Ali, N. B. Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, 18, 2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052270.
Aslam, K.; Iqbal, S. Z.; Razis, A. F. A.; Usman, S.; Ali, N. B. Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, 18, 2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052270.
Aslam, K.; Iqbal, S. Z.; Razis, A. F. A.; Usman, S.; Ali, N. B. Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, 18, 2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052270.
Abstract
The research aims to discover the natural occurrence of patulin (PAT) in selected citrus fruits from the central cities of Punjab and Pakistan's Northern cities. Total 2970 samples of twelve citrus fruits; kinnow, orange, grapefruits, bitter orange, mausami, red blood, pineapple, sweet orange, rough lime, sweet lime, kagzi lime and lemon were examined using liquid chromatography fitted with UV detector. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification limit was 0.04 and 0.12 µg/kg, respectively. The results have shown that 56% of samples of citrus fruits from Punjab's central cities, Pakistan, were discovered to be infected from PAT. The elevated amounts of PAT ranging from 0.04 to 1150 µg/kg were found in citrus fruit samples from Multan cities. Furthermore, 31.7% of samples of citrus fruits from Northern cities of Pakistan were discovered to be infected with PAT, and the elevated amounts were found ranging from 0.04-320 µg/kg from Swat city. About 22.1% of samples of citrus fruits have levels of PAT greater than the suggested limits established by the European Union (EU). PAT's dietary intake levels ranged from 0.10-1.11 µg/kg bw/day from the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan, and 0.13-1.93 µg/kg bw/day were documented from Northern cities of Pakistan
Keywords
Citrus fruits; patulin; dietary intake; variation in patulin; liquid chromatography
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
