Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Amoxicillin in Water: Insights Into Relative Reactivity, Byproduct Formation, and Toxicological Interactions During Chlorination

Antonietta Siciliano
ORCID logo ,
Marco Guida
ORCID logo ,
Giovanni Libralato
ORCID logo ,
Lorenzo Saviano
,
Giovanni Luongo
ORCID logo ,
Lucio Previtera
,
Giovanni Di Fabio
ORCID logo ,
Armando Zarrelli
* ORCID logo
Version 1 : Received: 23 December 2020 / Approved: 24 December 2020 / Online: 24 December 2020 (15:32:11 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Siciliano, A.; Guida, M.; Libralato, G.; Saviano, L.; Luongo, G.; Previtera, L.; Di Fabio, G.; Zarrelli, A. Amoxicillin in Water: Insights into Relative Reactivity, Byproduct Formation, and Toxicological Interactions during Chlorination. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 1076. Siciliano, A.; Guida, M.; Libralato, G.; Saviano, L.; Luongo, G.; Previtera, L.; Di Fabio, G.; Zarrelli, A. Amoxicillin in Water: Insights into Relative Reactivity, Byproduct Formation, and Toxicological Interactions during Chlorination. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 1076.

Abstract

In recent years, many studies have highlighted the consistent finding of amoxicillin in waters destined for wastewater treatment plants, in addition to superficial waters of rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America. In this paper, the amoxicillin degradation pathway was investigated by simulating the chlorination process normally used in a wastewater treatment plant to reduce similar emerging pollutants at three different pH values. The structures of 16 isolated degradation byproducts (DPs), one of which was isolated for the first time, were separated on a C-18 column via a gradient HPLC method. Then, combining mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS/TOF) and nuclear magnetic resonance, we compared commercial standards and justified a proposed formation mechanism beginning from the parent drug. Microbial growth inhibition bioassays with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus were performed to determine the potential loss of antibacterial activity in isolated degradation byproducts. An increase of antibacterial activity in the DPs was observed compared to the parent compound.

Keywords

amoxicillin; chlorination; hypochlorite; degradation by-products; water treatment; acute toxicity test; Daphnia magna

Subject

Chemistry and Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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