Preprint Review Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Endothelial Dysfunction and Extra-Articular Neurological Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Jessica Maiuolo
,
Carolina Muscoli
ORCID logo ,
Micaela Gliozzi
,
Vincenzo Musolino
,
Cristina Carresi
,
Miriam Scicchitano
,
Francesca Bosco
,
Roberta Macrì
,
Federica Scarano
,
Stefano Ruga
,
Sara Paone
,
Maria Caterina Zito
,
Saverio Nucera
,
Sara Ilari
,
Rocco Mollace
ORCID logo ,
Ernesto Palma
ORCID logo ,
Vincenzo Mollace
* ORCID logo
Version 1 : Received: 27 October 2020 / Approved: 28 October 2020 / Online: 28 October 2020 (10:39:01 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Maiuolo, J.; Muscoli, C.; Gliozzi, M.; Musolino, V.; Carresi, C.; Paone, S.; Ilari, S.; Mollace, R.; Palma, E.; Mollace, V. Endothelial Dysfunction and Extra-Articular Neurological Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 81. Maiuolo, J.; Muscoli, C.; Gliozzi, M.; Musolino, V.; Carresi, C.; Paone, S.; Ilari, S.; Mollace, R.; Palma, E.; Mollace, V. Endothelial Dysfunction and Extra-Articular Neurological Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 81.

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects about 1% of the global population, with a female-male ratio of 3:1. To date, genetic predisposition, the involvement of a deficient immune system and lifestyle are known to be the major responsible for the onset of the disease. RA preferably affects the joints, with consequent joint swelling and deformities followed by ankylosis. Patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis can also develop extra-articular manifestations, which mainly affect the cardiovascular system, the nervous system, the skin, the eye, the respiratory system, the kidney and the gastrointestinal system. It has been shown that about 20% of RA patients can develop neuropathies, multiple mononeuritis, distal sensory neuropathies and sense motor neuropathies. Neurological involvement occurs as a consequence of vasculitis of the nerve vessels leading to vascular ischaemia, axonal degeneration and neuronal demyelination. In RA, the risk of developing cardiovascular disease is very high and depends, most probably, on vascular damage resulting from endothelial dysfunction. Hence, it is reasonable to assume that the integrity of the endothelium is also involved in the neurological disorders resulting from RA. This review aims to highlight the main characteristics of the extra-articular manifestations at the nervous level resulting from rheumatoid arthritis. To this end, the literature main results on these pathological manifestations have been collected with particular focus on the involvement of endothelial dysfunction. In fact, the endothelium could be considered a valuable target for minimizing the incidence of extra-articular neurological manifestations in RA.

Keywords

rheumatoid arthritis; inflammation; neurological extra-articular manifestations; endothelial dysfunction; polyphenols

Subject

Medicine and Pharmacology, Immunology and Allergy

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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