Version 1
: Received: 30 March 2019 / Approved: 1 April 2019 / Online: 1 April 2019 (13:09:55 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 10 May 2019 / Approved: 14 May 2019 / Online: 14 May 2019 (06:22:48 CEST)
How to cite:
Petoukhov, S. Nucleotide Epi-Chains and New Nucleotide Probability Rules in Long DNA Sequences. Preprints2019, 2019040011. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201904.0011.v2
Petoukhov, S. Nucleotide Epi-Chains and New Nucleotide Probability Rules in Long DNA Sequences. Preprints 2019, 2019040011. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201904.0011.v2
Petoukhov, S. Nucleotide Epi-Chains and New Nucleotide Probability Rules in Long DNA Sequences. Preprints2019, 2019040011. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201904.0011.v2
APA Style
Petoukhov, S. (2019). Nucleotide Epi-Chains and New Nucleotide Probability Rules in Long DNA Sequences. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201904.0011.v2
Chicago/Turabian Style
Petoukhov, S. 2019 "Nucleotide Epi-Chains and New Nucleotide Probability Rules in Long DNA Sequences" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201904.0011.v2
Abstract
One of creators of quantum mechanics P. Jordan in his work on quantum biology claimed that life's missing laws were the rules of chance and probability of the quantum world. The article presents author’s results of studying frequencies (or probabilities) of nucleotides on so-called epi-chains of long DNA sequences of various eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. DNA epi-chains are algorithmically constructed subsequencies of DNA nucleotide sequences. According to the algorithm of construction of any epi-chain of the order n, the epi-chain is such nucleotide subsequence, in which the numerations of adjacent nucleotides differ by natural number n (n = 1, 2, 3, 4,…). Correspondingly each epi-chain of order n≥ 2 contains n times less nucleotides than the original DNA sequence. The presented results unexpectedly discover that in long single-stranded and double-stranded DNA of any tested genome its DNA epi-chains of different orders n (values n are not too large) have practically identical frequencies (or probabilities) of each kind of nucleotides. These data allow considering DNA as a regular rich set of epi-chains, which can play a certain role in genetic and epigenetic phenomena as the author belives. Appropriate rules of nucleotide frequencies on epi-chains of long DNA sequences are formulated for further their tests on a wider set of genomes. These results testify on existence of long-range coherence in long DNA and remind the Fröhlich's theory of long-range coherence in biological systems. The phenomenological data are discussed from different standpoints: the DNA double helices and helical antennas with circular polarizations of electromagnetic waves; relations with the Fröhlich's theory; numerical analysis of DNA epi-chains under binary representations of nucleotides. Results are useful for developing quantum and algebraic biology.
Keywords
DNA sequence; helix; nucleotide frequencies; DNA epi-chains; helical antennas; Fröhlich's theory; long-range coherence; epigenetics; quantum biology; binary representation
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
