Yang, Y.-Q.; Yiin, L.-M. Daily Intake Estimation for Young Children’s Ingestion of Residential Dust and Soils Contaminated with Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health2018, 15, 1327.
Yang, Y.-Q.; Yiin, L.-M. Daily Intake Estimation for Young Children’s Ingestion of Residential Dust and Soils Contaminated with Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1327.
Yang, Y.-Q.; Yiin, L.-M. Daily Intake Estimation for Young Children’s Ingestion of Residential Dust and Soils Contaminated with Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health2018, 15, 1327.
Yang, Y.-Q.; Yiin, L.-M. Daily Intake Estimation for Young Children’s Ingestion of Residential Dust and Soils Contaminated with Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1327.
Abstract
We estimated the daily intakes of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin via ingestion of indoor dust and outdoor soils using the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Model on a probabilistic approach for Taiwan’s homes. Variable information for the daily intake estimation, such as concentration, ingestion rate, body weight, was adopted from previous studies. Monte Carlo simulation was performed with 1,000,000 iterations to simulate a single daily intake, which was shown in terms of percentage of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of either insecticide. The daily intakes were minimal with a 99% probability; at 99.9th percentile, however, the total intakes leaped to 13.1% and 20.0% of the respective ADIs of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin. The sensitivity analysis indicated that concentration was the most determinant variable. Compared to the data of daily intakes via dietary ingestion of vegetables derived from a previous study, the estimated intakes by this study were considerable at the highest percentile, which referred to insecticide residues few days after insecticide application. Consequently, the non-dietary ingestion exposure to either insecticide was negligible in most cases; nevertheless, for those with indoor insecticide applications, the daily intakes for young children could be of concern. Frequently home cleaning is recommended to reduce the exposure.
Keywords
chlorpyrifos; cypermethrin; daily intake; home environment; Monte Carlo simulation; non-dietary ingestion; SHEDS model; Taiwan
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Environmental Science
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
