Pricing Electric-Vehicle Flexibility in Local Electricity Markets: A Mobility-Aware P2P–V2G Market Design

Electric vehicles (EVs) can provide flexibility in peer-to-peer (P2P) markets and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services, but participation must respect mobility needs and cover owner costs. This study compares a private EV and a taxi in an hourly model of an EV owner, prosumer, and distribution system operator. It evaluates grid-only charging, P2P smart charging, and combined P2P/V2G participation; Nash bargaining links P2P prices to wholesale conditions. The model assesses participation against an outside option, V2G compensation, cooperative allocations, fuzzy membership, and social welfare. Feasible P2P purchase prices exceed wholesale prices but remain below modeled grid-buy prices, yielding savings of €0.055/kWh for the private EV and €0.071/kWh for the taxi. P2P buying alone fails the private EV’s participation condition, whereas the combined mode passes; neither taxi mode meets its outside option. The V2G service margin is positive for the private EV but negative for the taxi. Fuzzy individual rationality holds only for the private EV at full membership and fails for the taxi throughout. Mobility-value sensitivity shifts welfare levels but not mode rankings; participation improves social welfare for the private EV but not the taxi. Therefore, P2P price advantages alone do not ensure participation; design must reflect mobility, costs, and outside options.