Safeguarding India’s Geographical Heritage: A Comprehensive Analysis of State‐Wise GI Inventory, Legal Framework, and Enforcement Dynamics

Geographical Indications (GIs) represent a unique intersection of intellectual property, cultural heritage, and socioeconomic development. In India, the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, provides the legal foundation for protecting products tied to specific territories. This research article presents a comprehensive state-wise inventory of Indian GIs, covering all 28 states and key Union Territories, across categories such as agriculture, handicrafts, textiles, and food stuffs. The study employs an analytical legal methodology to examine the statutory provisions of the 1999 Act, the distinction between registered infringement and the common law remedy of passing off, and the role of authorized users and producer communities. Through a critical evaluation of landmark judicial decisions—including the Tea Board of India v. ITC Ltd. and the Scotch Whisky Association cases—the paper identifies systemic gaps in post-registration quality control and enforcement. The findings highlight a regional imbalance in GI registration and the need for robust inspection bodies. Strategic recommendations are offered to strengthen the GI ecosystem, ensuring that the benefits of collective reputation translate into sustainable rural prosperity and global brand recognition.