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Geriatric Medicine in Ethiopia: A Narrative Review of Physician Training Gaps and Interdisciplinary Team Establishment

Submitted:

25 October 2026

Posted:

27 October 2026

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Abstract
Background: Geriatric Medicine is a medical specialty concerned with the health and wellbeing of older adults. Despite the rapid increase in the geriatric population in Ethiopia, the access to specialized care among older patients is limited. There are significant gaps in integrating geriatric competencies across the medical curriculum and the interdisciplinary team for geriatric medicine in Ethiopia. Methods: A narrative review was conducted via PubMed and Google Scholar to identify studies on Geriatric Medicine in Ethiopia. The literature search was supplemented by targeted web searches and reference snowballing. Results: No directly related literature was identified during the initial search. Furthermore, implementation of the Geriatrics framework in Ethiopia is critically limited by a severe lack of specialized training and curricula. This lack of knowledge leads to various clinical misdiagnoses and service gaps. On the other hand, an international academic partnership in 2024 successfully initiated the integration of core geriatric topics into medical training. Conclusion: Strengthening the geriatric workforce requires formal recognition, structured training, and the active integration of multidisciplinary care teams across Ethiopia.
Keywords: 
geriatric medicine
;  
physician training gaps
;  
medical education
;  
narrative review
;  
capacity building
;  
internal medicine
Subject: 
Public Health and Healthcare  -   Health Policy and Services

Introduction

People worldwide are living longer and every country in the world is experiencing growth in both the size and the proportion of older persons in the population(1). Population age 65 and older is projected to nearly double from 10.5% to 19.6% between 2025 and 2060, according to a new report released by the U.S. Census Bureau(2). Backed by a WHO study, projections show that the number of people aged 80 or older is set to triple by 2050, reaching 426 million (1). Regarding Ethiopia, by 2050,older adult population is predicted to more than double from 5.1% in 2010 to 10.3%(3). Nevertheless, the lack of proper infrastructure and support services targeting the older population is a huge obstacle to ensuring older adults’ well-being (3). Despite this need, many Ethiopian health professionals and students graduate from medical school with limited education in the geriatric care.
Geriatrics is a branch of gerontology, encompassing a wide range of research areas related to the elderly, including fundamental theoretical studies, clinical medicine, epidemiology, and social medicine(4). According to German Society of Geriatrics, geriatric patients are defined by two main criteria. First, they present geriatric typical multimorbidity combined with advanced age (predominantly 70 years or older), where this cluster of multiple illnesses takes priority over chronological age. Second, they include individuals aged 80 and older who experience an age-typical increase in vulnerability, such as a higher risk of complications, secondary chronic conditions, and an elevated threat of losing their autonomy or ability to care for themselves(5). The European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) defines Geriatrics as a specialty of medicine concerned with physical, mental, functional, and social conditions in acute, chronic, rehabilitative, preventive, and end of life care in older patients(6) and the average geriatric patient is over 70 years old(7).
Although older individuals will comprise the majority of patients for most physicians in Ethiopia, efforts to integrate geriatric care into the medical curriculum or to promote the specialty are severely lacking. Conversely, there is a growing global recognition that geriatric medicine must be integrated into undergraduate medical training(6). The essential geriatric topics are absent from Ethiopian medicine curriculum with no minimum requirements for undergraduate and postgraduate medical training. In addition to this, the involvement of interdisciplinary teams has not yet been studied. This narrative review illustrates the critical physician training gaps and the essential frameworks for interdisciplinary team establishment necessary to reform geriatric clinical practices in Ethiopia.

Methods

We conducted a narrative review of the existing literature by searching in PubMed and Google Scholar. 30 were identified by conducting an abstract/title search with the following terms (((("geriatric medicine"[Title/Abstract]) OR (Geriatrics[Title/Abstract])) OR ("elderly care"[Title/Abstract] OR ("eldercare"[Title/Abstract]))) AND ("ethiopia"[Title/Abstract])).
Articles discussing on Geriatric medicine, Geriatric medicine curriculum, policies on Geriatric medicine Ethiopian and worldwide diet were included. An additional targeted search was conducted using Google Scholar to gather additional information. Snowballing of references was also used to identify relevant articles from the articles that came out of the search.
Instead of analyzing all potential geriatrics topics, priority topics were selected based on how prominently they featured in prior geriatrics literature, their practical relevance to medical curriculum, and interdisciplinary team collaboration.
No consent or ethical approval was required as this is a review of published literature.

Results

No directly related literature was identified during the initial search .The Geriatrics 5M’s framework—Mind, Mobility, Medications, Multi-complexity, and Matters Most—serves as a guide to ensure that healthcare providers address the multifaceted needs of older patients(8). With the lack of specialized care for older patients in Ethiopia(9), the Geriatrics 5M framework cannot be effectively implemented. A study conducted in 2013 in Africa shows that out of 40, 35 countries had no formal undergraduate training for medical students on geriatrics and 33 countries reported no national postgraduate training scheme for geriatrics(10). This lack of prepared curriculum and training program has brought a big gap in all the 5M geriatric framework. 53.1% of older adult outpatients at Black Lion Hospital suffer from polypharmacy, and over 28.0% of those prescriptions violate international safe prescribing guidelines(11). Another study revealed a high national prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP), drug-drug interactions (PDDI), and potential prescription omissions (PPO), driven primarily by unmanaged polypharmacy(12). Further regarding polypharmacy , 63.6% of patients experienced polypharmacy and 9.9% suffered from hyper-polypharmacy during their hospital stay(13).
In Ethiopia, the massive burden of geriatric disease includes Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). A study conducted in Bahirdar that evaluated 619 older adults (aged ≥60) revealed an annual MSD prevalence rate of 72.1% where females have higher odds of developing MSD(14). In addition, regarding misdiagnosis of geriatric care, a study on healthy older adults in Asella emphasized that relying on generic adult reference ranges lead to systemic diagnostic errors, frequently misclassifying as active anemia(15). There is promising initiative such as, establishing geriatric programs or centers. A 2024 partnership between St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College(SPHMMC) and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh successfully started integrating geriatric topics into medical training(16). This represents a vital, positive first step toward establishing dedicated clinical services in Ethiopia.

Discussion

The results show that there is a lack of published studies examining whether geriatric medicine content and clinical experience are integrated into postgraduate training programs. Worldwide there are competency-based frameworks to deliver geriatric health care safety. For instance, the United States relies on the American Geriatrics Society’s Minimum Competencies that is based on the 5Ms framework (17). While the United Kingdom enforces the British Geriatrics Society (BGS) curriculum, based around 7 core concepts of geriatric medicine mandating a minimum 4-week specialized clinical attachment(18). Furthermore, the European geriatrics has reached a common consensus on the minimum requirements of geriatric learning objectives for medical students(19). Integrating and implementing these global paradigms within Ethiopian context in Ethiopian medical schools is essential to equip graduating physicians with the tools necessary to prevent, diagnose and treat multimorbidity geriatric population. According to a systematic review on postgraduate medical curriculum in Australia and New Zealand (ANZ), the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States of America (USA), 46.0% of all reviewed postgraduate medical programs (24 out of 52) contain zero core geriatric competencies(20). In another study including 48 national societies (most of them in Europe), the number of practicing geriatricians per 100,000 persons aged 60 years and older ranged from <0.1 to >30 across countries(21). In the process of conducting this review, we were not able to find professional geriatric association in Ethiopia or related association. Though there are few network that work on this area, we found only The South African Geriatrics Society(22) and Geriatrics Association of Nigeria(23).
Improving geriatric care in Ethiopia requires using validated screening tools across all stages of hospital care .The use of validated geriatric assessment tools to predict outcome and adverse events during the management of the geriatric population is the optimal approach to better assess and identify geriatric patients risks and provide tailored treatment. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)(24) is not implemented in Ethiopian setting nor integrated in policy framework (25). In geriatric medicine, there are standardized and validated tools that are used by patient admission to follow up and discharge. These tools must be systematically integrated and interpreted to fit the unique Ethiopian healthcare and economical and socio-environmental setup. At admission, baseline risk screening relies on the CDC’s STEADI Algorithm(26) and the Hendrich II Fall Risk Model(27). In Ethiopian public hospitals, where literacy or language barriers exist, Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries (STEADI) tool should be translated in local languages and can be conducted as an oral interview, while the Hendrich II medication screening must account for polypharmacy, traditional herbal medicines, nutritional deficiencies and patient adherence. During inpatient follow-up, where continuous monitoring is needed, low-resource performance metrics like Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA)(28) and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test can be used(29). While these tests can be effectively implemented in resource-limited settings, clinicians must interpret scores against the health infrastructure, such as patients in a single room, flat or uneven floors, and the absence of standardized supportive footwear or instruments. Finally, at discharge, planning for a safe home or elderly care home transition utilizes the Barthel Index (BI)(30), the 4-item FRAT (Falls Risk Assessment Tool)(31), and the HOME FAST (Home Falls and Accidents Screening Tool)(32). These tools cannot assume westernized home infrastructures or modifications; instead, they must address prevalent domestic challenges like uneven mud or cobblestone terrain, wheelchair and toilet accessibility, bed height and a lack of handrails. Because standardized elderly home care and Frail service is scarce in Ethiopia, low scores on the Barthel Index or HOME FAST call for extensive family-caregiver education, and frequent visit by social worker, medical doctor, nurse, physiotherapist and psychologist to ensure a risk-managed, sustainable transition.
Despite the importance, geriatrics is still neglected scientifically in Ethiopia and has not been able to be implemented in medical faculties yet. This systemic gap hinders the development of the field and discourages interested young health professionals from pursuing it. To address this, geriatric chairs should be primarily situated within university hospitals rather than private clinics. This strategic placement ensures that academic research structures, institutional networks, and mentoring services can flourish, ultimately enhancing the participation and retention of young geriatricians. To date, contributions to international aging research using diverse research methodologies by Ethiopian healthcare professionals have been virtually non-existent. For this reason, there is an urgent need for highly qualified geriatricians who can bridge the gap between clinical practice and research, specifically, “geriatric clinician-scientists”(33). To promote geriatric clinician scientists in Ethiopia, several comprehensive measures must be implemented. These include early positive clinical exposure to older adults, establishing allocated research hours, integrating basic research skills with a modern data analysis curriculum, expanding mentoring networks, and introducing targeted funding initiatives specifically for geriatrics(33). An exemplary approach is seen in the United States, where coordinated initiatives have expanded the clinician scientist workforce by securing funding, publishing extensive research, and establishing specialty aging interest groups(34).

Interdisciplinary Team Establishment

The limitations of geriatric patients are somatic, cognitive or affective and the geriatric "I's" often occur: immobility, irritability, instability and incontinence, as well as isolation, immunodeficiency, impotence and iatrogenic injury(35). These limitations need not only geriatric medicine professionals, rather the ‘engine room’ of the specialty is the multidisciplinary team (MDT) (36). MDT will classically include an assimilation of information across key domains such as medical, psychiatric and cognitive, social and functional(37,38). For example, MDT may include geriatrician, specialized geriatric nurse, social worker, physiotherapist, logo therapist, psychologist, clinical pharmacist, neuro therapist and ergo therapist. The team must be capable of assessing the risk and managing Frailty(38). It must involve staff who understands and accepts their roles and who will take responsibility for geriatric patient management(39). The primary goal of MDT is to coordinate patient-centered objectives, ranging from independent mobility to complex discharge planning and long-term functional recovery(36). Successful implementation of this team requires strong leadership skills, structured processes for documenting patient action plans, and a collaborative culture that prioritizes patient needs, respects interprofessional expertise(36), and tailors care to individual patient circumstances.
A systematic review of 29 randomized trials across 13,766 patients proved that hospitalized older adults undergoing an interdisciplinary CGA are significantly more likely to return home independently and experience a 20.0% reduction in nursing home admissions compared to those managed under standard medical care(40). Furthermore, there is evidence that supports the integration of interdisciplinary psychologists and neuro-rehabilitation specialists into geriatric care. For instance, late-life depression (LLD) accelerates biological aging and is heavily driven by cerebrovascular changes that disrupt frontostriatal networks, impairing executive function and leading to a poor response to medical therapy(41). Due to age related reduced drug efficacy and high drug interaction, non-medical treatment and multi-professional approach combining problem solving therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and interpersonal therapy have been shown to be effective(42).

Strengths and Limitations

This is the first study to review physician training gaps and the establishment of interdisciplinary teams in geriatric medicine within the Ethiopian context. Furthermore, it introduces the concept of integrating geriatric medicine curriculum into undergraduate and postgraduate studies, while advocating for multidisciplinary collaboration. Because of the pioneering nature of this work, a significant limitation was the lack of prior research and directly related literature on geriatric training in Ethiopia. While this highlights a critical knowledge gap that this review begins to address, it also constrains our ability to compare our insights with established regional data. Finally, because this is a narrative review, no formal evidence-based synthesis was conducted, which may introduce subjectivity and bias.

Conclusion

Evidence for the existing geriatric disease is available, but concrete framework on geriatric prevention and treatment in Ethiopia is lacking. The study highlights structural and educational gaps of geriatric medicine in Ethiopia. To create sustainable geriatric medicine framework, targeted measures are needed, such as integration of geriatric medicine courses in undergraduate, postgraduate and subspecialty curriculum, expansion of geriatric hospitals, and formulation and implementation of geriatric health policies Interdisciplinary team collaboration must also be integrated into geriatric care, guided by evidence-based frameworks.

Author Contributions

Conception and design: KD. Acquisition of data: DD, EA. Analysis and interpretation of data: DD, HS. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content: KD, DD, HS. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and publication of this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr Yeabsira Tadesse for their valuable feedback and technical support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Declaration of AI use: During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI) to improve language and readability. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.

Abbreviations

5Ms = Mind, Mobility, Medication, Multi-complexity, and Matters Most
ANZ = Australia and New Zealand
BGS = British Geriatrics Society
CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CGA = Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment
FRAT = Falls Risk Assessment Tool
HOME FAST = Home Fall and Accidents Screening Tool
LLD = Late=life depression
MDT = Multidisciplinary team
MSDs = Musculoskeletal disorders
PDDI = Potential drug-drug interactions
PIP = Potentially inappropriate prescribing
POMA = Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment
PPO = Potential Prescription Omissions
SPHMMC = St. Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College
STEADI = Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries
TUG = Timed Up and Go
U.S./USA= United States
UEMS = European Union of Medical Specialists
UK = United Kingdom
WHO = World Health Organization

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