Submitted:
26 September 2026
Posted:
29 September 2026
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Abstract
We develop a mathematical framework for neutrosophic amplitude amplification and establish convergence results for the associated iterative process. The classical amplitude amplification procedure provides a quadratic improvement over classical repetition for searching for a good state, and its mathematical structure is based on a two-dimensional invariant subspace generated by the good and bad components of a quantum state. We extend this framework by assigning to the success event three quantities representing truth, indeterminacy, and falsity. The resulting neutrosophic amplitude is represented by a triple (T, I, F), where the three components are not required to satisfy the classical probability normalization condition. We introduce neutrosophic success amplitudes, neutrosophic amplification operators, and several notions of convergence. In particular, we prove a convergence theorem for the truth component under contractive neutrosophic perturbations and establish corresponding bounds for the indeterminacy and falsity components. We also study the ideal case, the perturbed case, and the fixed-point regime. The results reduce to the ordinary amplitudeamplification formulas when I = F = 0 and T is identified with the ordinary success probability. Examples are given to illustrate the behavior of the three components during amplification.
Keywords:
neutrosophic set
; neutrosophic probability
; quantum computation
; quantum search
; amplitude amplification
; convergence
; indeterminacy
; quantum algorithms
MSC: 03B52; 81P68; 68Q12; 65C50; 60A99
1. Introduction
Quantum amplitude amplification is one of the fundamental techniques underlying quantum search algorithms. In its standard form, an algorithm prepares a state in which a certain subspace is interpreted as the set of “good” states. Repeated applications of a suitable Grover-type iterate rotate the state toward this good subspace. Brassard, Høyer, Mosca, and Tapp established the general amplitude-amplification framework and showed that a success probability a can be amplified using a number of applications proportional to rather than the classical scaling [1]. Grover’s original search algorithm is recovered as a special case of this framework [2,3].
The standard theory assumes that the distinction between good and bad states is exact. In many applications, however, information about the success event may involve uncertainty, incomplete information, or contradictory information. Neutrosophic theory was introduced by Smarandache as a framework in which truth, indeterminacy, and falsity can be represented separately [6]. This makes it natural to consider a generalized amplitude-amplification model in which the outcome is not described by a single scalar probability.
Neutrosophic approaches to quantum computation have subsequently been considered in the literature. In particular, neutrosophic quantum computing has been formulated by extending the three-component neutrosophic representation to quantum states and quantum operations [7,8].
The purpose of this paper is to establish a rigorous convergence framework for such a neutrosophic amplitude-amplification process. Our main objectives are:
- to define a neutrosophic representation of the good-state amplitude;
- to construct an abstract neutrosophic amplification map;
- to derive explicit convergence conditions;
- to estimate the limiting truth, indeterminacy, and falsity components;
- to recover ordinary amplitude amplification as a special case.
The central point is that the three neutrosophic components should not be forced into a classical probability interpretation. Instead, they are treated as independent descriptors of the epistemic status of the amplified event.
2. Preliminaries
2.1. Classical Amplitude Amplification
Let be a Hilbert space and let be a unitary state-preparation operator. We write
where belongs to the good subspace and belongs to its orthogonal complement.
It is convenient to introduce an angle satisfying
Then
The amplitude-amplification operator is constructed from two reflections. Its action remains inside the two-dimensional space
After k amplification steps, the ideal state has the form
Consequently, the probability of obtaining a good state is
2.2. Neutrosophic Triples
We recall the basic neutrosophic representation.
Definition 2.1.
A neutrosophic triple is an ordered triple
where represent, respectively, the degrees of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity.
Unlike an ordinary probability vector, a neutrosophic triple need not satisfy
This separation of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity is one of the basic features of neutrosophic theory [6].
Definition 2.2.
A neutrosophic amplitude datum is a triple
where each component belongs to . The components are interpreted as the truth-success, indeterminate- success, and false-success amplitudes, respectively.
For mathematical convenience, we distinguish between an amplitude and its associated intensity.
Definition 2.3.
Given a neutrosophic amplitude
its associated neutrosophic intensity is
Remark 2.4.
The three components should not automatically be interpreted as mutually exclusive probabilities. They describe three aspects of the epistemic status of the amplified event.
3. Neutrosophic Quantum States
Let
In the neutrosophic setting, the good amplitude is represented by
We associate with it the neutrosophic success intensity
where
The three quantities can be regarded as a vector
This representation allows us to study the evolution of the three components separately.
4. Neutrosophic Amplitude Amplification
Definition 4.1.
Let be a quantum state-preparation operator and let denote a good-state oracle. A neutrosophic amplitude amplification process is an iterative sequence
where
and is a map acting on the neutrosophic state space.
We first consider the autonomous case.
Definition 4.2.
A neutrosophic amplification map is a map
of the form
The ideal objective is to increase the truth component while reducing the indeterminacy and falsity components.
Definition 4.3.
A fixed point
of Φ satisfies
5. The Ideal Neutrosophic Amplification Model
Suppose the initial good-state probability is
We define the ideal truth component after k amplification iterations by
The remaining epistemic components are modeled by
and
where
are fixed uncertainty parameters.
Definition 5.1.
The ideal neutrosophic amplitude amplification sequence associated with is
This model is particularly useful because it preserves the ordinary Grover geometry in the truth component while explicitly tracking indeterminacy and falsity.
6. Convergence in the Ideal Case
In general, the sequence
does not converge as . Instead, amplitude amplification is normally stopped at an iteration number for which the success probability is close to one [1].
Thus, convergence must be formulated carefully.
Definition 6.1.
A neutrosophic amplification sequence is said to be ε-convergent to
if there exists such that for the relevant stopping iterations .
For the ideal amplification process, we instead consider a sequence of stopping times.
Let be an integer satisfying
Then the following estimate holds.
Proposition 6.2.
For the ideal amplification sequence,
and therefore
Moreover,
Proof.
The first equality follows directly from the definition of the ideal amplification sequence. Since
we have
The formulas for and then follow from their definitions. □
7. Perturbed Neutrosophic Amplification
Real implementations may contain phase errors, oracle errors, decoherence, approximation errors, and imperfect knowledge of the initial success amplitude. We therefore consider a perturbed model.
Let
where
is an error vector.
Assume that is Lipschitz continuous:
Theorem 7.1
(Convergence under contractive amplification). Let
be a contraction with constant . Suppose that
and that
for all k. Then Φ has a unique fixed point and
Proof.
Since is a contraction on the complete metric space , the Banach fixed-point theorem implies that there exists a unique such that
Therefore
Iterating this inequality gives
Since
we obtain
□
Corollary 7.2.
If
and
where Φ is a contraction, then
8. Componentwise Convergence
The previous theorem gives convergence in the Euclidean norm. We now derive componentwise estimates.
Suppose
Let
Proposition 8.1.
Under the assumptions of the convergence theorem,
and
Proof.
For every component of a vector ,
Applying this observation to
and using the previous theorem gives all three estimates. □
The estimates show that a persistent perturbation produces an asymptotic error floor of order
9. Truth Amplification and Uncertainty Suppression
A natural requirement for a neutrosophic amplification algorithm is that the truth component increase while the uncertainty components decrease.
Definition 9.1.
A neutrosophic amplification map Φ is called truth-enhancing if
whenever
It is called uncertainty-suppressing if
and
Theorem 9.2.
Suppose that Φ is truth-enhancing and uncertainty-suppressing. If
for all k, then is nondecreasing. If, in addition,
then the three sequences
are convergent.
Proof.
Since
the sequence is nondecreasing. Because
it is bounded above and therefore convergent.
Similarly,
and
Since all components belong to , both sequences are bounded below by zero and hence converge. □
10. A Linear Neutrosophic Model
Consider the affine model
where
Assume
where denotes the spectral radius.
Theorem 10.1.
If , then the linear neutrosophic amplification system has a unique fixed point
and
Consequently,
Proof.
A fixed point satisfies
so
Since , the matrix is invertible and
Subtracting the fixed-point equation from the iteration gives
Induction yields
The condition implies
and hence
□
11. Connection with Standard Amplitude Amplification
The neutrosophic framework should contain the classical theory as a special case.
Suppose that
for all k, and let
Then
For the standard amplitude-amplification iteration,
where
Proposition 11.1.
The neutrosophic amplification model reduces to ordinary quantum amplitude amplification when
and
Proof.
Under these assumptions,
Thus the only nonzero component is the ordinary success probability
which is precisely the standard amplitude-amplification formula [1]. □
12. Convergence Rate
Suppose that the target success probability is
We require
Equivalently,
Hence the desired iteration number is approximately
For small a,
and consequently
This recovers the quadratic improvement of amplitude amplification over classical repetition [1].
13. Neutrosophic Error Bounds
We now combine the classical amplification error with neutrosophic uncertainty.
Let
and suppose that the ideal truth component is
Assume
and
Then
Proposition 13.1.
The total neutrosophic error satisfies
Proof.
By definition,
Using the three assumed bounds gives
Taking square roots proves the result. □
14. Example
Consider an initial success probability
Then
The ideal truth component after k iterations is
Suppose that
The neutrosophic state is therefore
For example, at an iteration for which
we obtain
Thus the amplification has produced a high truth component while leaving comparatively small indeterminacy and falsity components.
15. A Fixed-Point Interpretation
The previous sections show that two notions of convergence occur naturally.
First, the ideal Grover-type iteration is an oscillatory rotation. Its useful convergence is therefore convergence along selected stopping iterations toward a desired success threshold.
Second, a noisy or regularized neutrosophic amplification map may be contractive. In that case ordinary fixed-point convergence applies.
This distinction is important.
Remark 15.1.
One should not claim that the ordinary Grover iteration converges monotonically as . The quantity
is generally oscillatory. The appropriate statement is that there exist stopping iterations at which the success probability approaches the desired value. Contractive neutrosophic models, on the other hand, can possess genuine asymptotic convergence.
16. Robustness with Respect to Initial Uncertainty
Let two initial neutrosophic states be
and
Suppose is a contraction with constant . Then
Thus initial uncertainty is exponentially suppressed in the contractive model.
Theorem 16.1.
Under a contractive neutrosophic amplification map, two initial neutrosophic states become asymptotically indistinguishable:
Proof.
Since ,
The stated inequality therefore implies the result. □
17. Discussion
The theory developed here separates three effects that are usually combined in a single success probability.
The first component,
measures the degree to which the amplification procedure supports the good outcome.
The second component,
measures unresolved or indeterminate information.
The third component,
measures information supporting the opposite outcome.
This decomposition permits amplification to be studied even when the classification of a state as good or bad is not completely reliable.
The principal mathematical result is the contractive convergence estimate
The first term represents the transient error and decays geometrically. The second term represents the asymptotic error generated by persistent perturbations.
The framework is also compatible with standard quantum amplitude amplification. When the indeterminacy and falsity components vanish, the ordinary quadratic amplification law is recovered.
18. Conclusions
We have introduced a mathematical framework for neutrosophic amplitude amplification and established several convergence results.
The principal conclusions are:
- 1.
- A quantum success amplitude can be extended to a three-component neutrosophic quantity.
- 2.
- The classical amplitude-amplification process is recovered when the indeterminacy and falsity components vanish.
- 3.
- A contractive neutrosophic amplification map possesses a unique fixed point.
- 4.
- Under bounded perturbations, the amplification sequence remains within an explicit error neighborhood of the fixed point.
- 5.
- The truth, indeterminacy, and falsity components can be analyzed separately through componentwise convergence estimates.
- 6.
- The ordinary quadratic quantum speedupremains the natural complexity scale for the ideal amplitude amplification component.
The framework suggests several directions for future research, including neutrosophic amplitude estimation, fixed-point neutrosophic search, noisy neutrosophic quantum channels, variational neutrosophic algorithms, and the relationship between neutrosophic quantum states and generalized quantum measurements.
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