Dissociative Identity Disorder: An Analytical Study

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a complex psychiatric condition characterised by disruptions in identity, memory, and the integration of conscious experience, frequently accompanied by psychiatric comorbidity and functional impairment. This structured narrative review examines the historical, psychopathological, clinical, and neurobiological literature on DID, with emphasis on diagnostic challenges, trauma-related associations, and implications for mental healthcare. Literature searches were conducted between 2024 and 2025 using PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and the CAPES Journals Portal, with predefined search terms and Boolean operators, supplemented by academic reference works. The reviewed literature describes substantial clinical heterogeneity, frequent co-occurring psychiatric conditions, and associations with adverse experiences, while highlighting the limitations of causal interpretations. Structural neuroimaging studies report differences in regional grey matter volume, cortical thickness, and surface area; however, methodological heterogeneity and psychiatric comorbidity preclude their interpretation as validated DID-specific biomarkers. More rigorous studies, including well-characterised clinical comparison groups, independent replication, and systematic control of potential confounders, are required. Comprehensive clinical and psychiatric assessment remains essential, together with individualised, multidisciplinary care. This review identifies key evidence gaps and priorities for improving differential diagnosis and future research.