The Relationship Between Microbiota of Music Education Students and Instrument Contamination, and the Effects of Cleaning Practices

Background: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between microorganisms found in the hands, noses, and throats of music students and bacterial contamination on the wind and string instruments they use, and to evaluate the effect of the cleaning process on instrument contamination. Methods: Swab samples were taken from the hands, noses, and throats of the participants; from the mouthpieces, inner surfaces, and keys of the flutes; and from the fingerboards and bows of the string instruments. The effectiveness of the cleaning process was evaluated by comparing samples taken from the flutes after use and cleaning. The samples were examined using microbiological culture methods, and the isolated microorganisms were identified. In addition, the students’ participation in the orchestra and instrument-cleaning habits were evaluated. Results: There were varying relationships between the hand and upper respiratory tract microbiota of the students and bacterial contamination on the instruments, depending on the instrument type and the sampling area. Significant relationships were found between the upper respiratory tract microbiota and instrument contamination in flute-playing students; pathogen growth was completely eliminated, and flora growth was significantly reduced after cleaning. Furthermore, orchestra participation and less frequent instrument-cleaning habits were associated with pathogen colonization in the upper respiratory tract. Conclusions: These findings suggest that musical instruments may be susceptible to bacterial contamination related to the user’s microbiota, and that regular cleaning practices can play a significant role in reducing this contamination. Accordingly, it is recommended to develop standard practices for instrument hygiene and increase hygiene awareness in music education settings.