Biosensing Platforms and Multimodal Monitoring of Sepsis-Associated Cell Death

Among the mechanisms involved in disease progression, apoptosis has emerged as a central process contributing to immune dysregulation, lymphocyte depletion, organ dysfunction, and poor clinical outcomes. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the molecular pathways of apoptosis in sepsis and discusses the potential role of apoptosis-related biomarkers in improving early diagnosis, prognostic stratification, and therapeutic decision-making. The limitations of conventional clinical assessment and currently available biomarkers are highlighted, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive approaches capable of reflecting the temporal evolution of the disease. Recent advances in bioengineering, including biosensors, microfluidic platforms, multi-omics technologies, and continuous physiological monitoring, offer new opportunities for real-time assessment of critically ill patients. Furthermore, artificial intelligence and machine learning provide powerful tools for integrating heterogeneous clinical, physiological, and molecular data into predictive models that support personalized management strategies. The convergence of apoptosis research, bioengineering innovations, and artificial intelligence has the potential to transform sepsis care by enabling earlier recognition of disease progression, more accurate risk stratification, and the development of precision medicine approaches tailored to individual patients.