Submitted:
19 July 2026
Posted:
21 July 2026
You are already at the latest version
Abstract
Keywords:
1. Introduction
1.1. Background: The Rise of AI in Hiring
1.2. The Missing Audit
- Medical AI systems require FDA clearance and clinical validation before deployment.
- Financial AI models undergo rigorous backtesting and stress testing.
- Criminal justice risk assessment tools face increasing scrutiny and auditing requirements.
1.3. Research Questions
- 1.
- Scale utilization: Do LLM evaluators effectively use the full range of hiring rating scales, or does the scale degenerate under automated evaluation?
- 2.
- Reliability: How consistent are LLM hiring ratings across repeated evaluations (test–retest) and across different models (inter-rater)?
- 3.
- Validity: Do LLM ratings align with community expectations for behavioral interview answer quality?
1.4. Contributions
- 1.
- The first multi-model behavioral interview scoring benchmark, spanning 9 frontier models, 3 model families, 3 companies, 2 seniority levels, and 10 behavioral questions, with up to 50 repeated samples per evaluation cell.
- 2.
- Five empirically validated reliability failures in LLM interview scoring: scale collapse, test–retest unreliability, inter-model disagreement, question-type sensitivity, and expectation gap.
- 3.
- A model robustness scorecard demonstrating that stability (self-consistency) and consensus (inter-model agreement) are orthogonal dimensions — no single model excels on all reliability axes.
- 4.
- A minimum reliability checklist for deploying LLM interview evaluators, informed by our empirical findings.
- 5.
- Open-source evaluation framework enabling reproducible auditing of LLM interview scoring systems.
1.5. Paper Organization
2. Related Work
2.1. LLM-as-Judge
2.2. AI in Hiring
2.3. Evaluation Reliability in Psychology
2.4. Regulatory Landscape
- NYC Local Law 144 requires annual bias audits for automated employment decision tools [15].
- Illinois AI Video Interview Act mandates disclosure when AI analyzes video interviews [16].
- EU AI Act classifies AI hiring tools as “high-risk,” requiring conformity assessments [17].
- EEOC guidance addresses AI-related discrimination in employment decisions [18].
- NIST AI Risk Management Framework provides standards for high-risk AI applications [19].
2.5. Positioning
3. Experimental Design
3.1. Answer Source: Community Consensus Baseline
| Category | Questions | N |
|---|---|---|
| Vulnerability | Failure, conflict, pressure, tough feedback, manager disagreement | 5 |
| Leadership | Led a team, difficult decision | 2 |
| Initiative | Above and beyond | 1 |
| Epistemic | Handle not knowing the answer | 1 |
| Introduction | Tell me about yourself | 1 |
3.2. Model Matrix
3.3. Evaluation Dimensions
- Companies: Google, Meta, Amazon — representing distinct but overlapping behavioral interview cultures.
- Levels: Mid-level, Senior — reflecting different expectation bars.
3.4. Prompt Design
You are an interviewer at {company}.
Evaluate the candidate’s behavioral answer for a {level} Software Engineer role.
Question: {question}
Candidate answer: {answer}
Output MUST be valid JSON:
{"feedback": "<~200 words>", "rating": "<No Hire | Leaning No Hire |
{Leaning Hire | Hire | Strong Hire>"}
3.5. Repeated Sampling and Test–Retest Protocol
3.6. Metrics
- Cell entropy (Shannon entropy in nats): Measures rating distribution spread within a cell. Zero entropy = deterministic output.
- Cross-question expected score SD: Standard deviation of expected scores across questions for a given (company, level, model). Measures a model’s sensitivity to question content.
- Pairwise Spearman : Rank correlation of per-question expected scores between model pairs. Measures inter-model agreement on relative question difficulty.
- Test–retest agreement rate: Proportion of multi-replicate groups where all replicates yield the same rating.
- Ordinal pstdev: Population standard deviation of ordinal scores (1–5) within replicate groups.
- Friedman test (): Non-parametric repeated-measures ANOVA testing whether models produce significantly different ratings across questions.
- Kendall’s W: Coefficient of concordance measuring how consistently models rank-order questions from easiest to hardest.
- ICC(2,1): Intraclass correlation coefficient (two-way random, single measures) quantifying test–retest reliability for each model.
- Krippendorff’s (ordinal): Inter-model agreement metric suitable for ordinal data with any number of coders.
- Wilcoxon signed-rank test: Paired non-parametric test comparing flagship vs. lightweight model tiers on matched questions.
4. Results: Five Reliability Failures
4.1. Finding 1: Scale Collapse — A 5-Point Scale Used as a 2-Point Scale
- “No Hire” accounts for 0.0% of ratings — the lowest category is never assigned.
- “Strong Hire” accounts for only 0.43% — nearly absent.
- “Leaning Hire” dominates at 77.2%, with “Leaning No Hire” at 14.0% and “Hire” at 8.4%.
- 62% of cells have zero entropy — the model produces the same rating every single time.
- 90–100% of ratings concentrate in a single bin for the majority of cells.


4.2. Finding 2: Test–Retest Unreliability — 10× Spread in Consistency

4.3. Finding 3: Inter-Model Disagreement — Swapping Models Reshuffles Rankings

- 1.
- Friedman test (, , models, questions): Models produce significantly different rating distributions. Mean rank analysis reveals gpt-5.4-pro as the harshest rater (mean rank ) and claude-haiku-4-5 as the most lenient (mean rank ) — a 3.9× gap in rank position.
- 2.
- Kendall’s (, ): Models show moderate concordance on question ranking — they partly agree on which questions are “harder” versus “easier,” but agreement is far from complete. A W of 0.639 indicates roughly 64% shared ranking variance, leaving 36% attributable to idiosyncratic model-specific difficulty calibration.
- 3.
- Krippendorff’s (ordinal, 9 coders × 10 units): Inter-model agreement falls below the conventional 0.667 threshold for tentative conclusions [21] and far below the 0.800 threshold required for reliable coding. This means LLM ratings would not pass inter-rater reliability standards in any social-science content-analysis study.
4.4. Finding 4: Question-Type Sensitivity — 2-Grade Swings from Question Framing

- “Tell me about yourself” (Google, Senior): 8 out of 11 models assign 100% “Leaning No Hire” (expected score ).
- “How do you handle not knowing the answer?”: Gemini Flash assigns 98% “Hire” (expected score ).
4.5. Finding 5: Expectation Gap — Community “Best Answers” Score Below Hire

| Question (abridged) | Flagship Avg | Lightweight Avg |
|---|---|---|
| Handle not knowing the answer | 3.23 | 3.41 |
| Difficult decision | 3.13 | 3.13 |
| Led a team | 3.00 | 3.14 |
| Above and beyond | 2.80 | 2.92 |
| Conflict with teammate | 2.73 | 3.08 |
| Disagreement with manager | 2.73 | 3.14 |
| Time you failed | 2.40 | 2.89 |
| Under pressure | 2.30 | 2.86 |
| Tough feedback | 2.23 | 2.76 |
| Tell me about yourself | 2.18 | 2.47 |
- 1.
- The internet is not the interview room — Even highly upvoted community BQ answers may not meet actual interview “Hire” standards. Star count reflects “sounds reasonable” crowd consensus, not calibrated interview quality.
- 2.
- SOTA LLMs are still unreliable for BQ evaluation — Current frontier models may be systematically too harsh or unable to reliably distinguish strong behavioral answers from mediocre ones.
4.6. Summary of Formal Statistical Tests
5. Model Robustness Scorecard: Stability and Consensus Are Orthogonal

6. Discussion
6.1. A Minimum Reliability Checklist for LLM Interview Evaluators
- GPT-5.4-mini comes closest (4/5), failing only on R5 (no human ground truth available).
- Several models fail R1, R2, or R3 individually.
6.2. Implications for AI Hiring Policy
6.3. Implications for LLM-as-Judge Research
- 1.
- Domain-specific failure modes: Scale collapse appears to be particularly severe in the hiring domain, where the 5-point scale has only 2 meaningful categories. This may not manifest in general NLG evaluation tasks.
- 2.
- Cross-version instability: The finding that same-brand model variants () disagree more than cross-vendor pairs () has implications for any system that relies on a specific model checkpoint. Model updates can silently invalidate evaluation pipelines.
- 3.
- Orthogonality of stability and consensus: The independence of self-consistency and inter-model agreement is a novel finding that suggests current model selection practices (choosing the “most capable” model) may be misguided for evaluation tasks.
6.4. Implications for Job Seekers
- 1.
- Do not assume fairness: The same answer can receive ratings differing by 2 full grades depending on model choice and question type.
- 2.
- Resubmission may yield different results: For low-consistency models, re-taking the same assessment can change outcomes purely from stochastic variation.
- 3.
- Community preparation materials may not calibrate correctly: High-star GitHub answers still score below “Hire” under LLM evaluation.
6.5. Why This Matters for the United States
7. Limitations
- 1.
- Answer source: Our answers come from a community-curated GitHub repository rather than real interview recordings. While this provides a useful community-consensus baseline, real candidate answers may exhibit different characteristics (nervousness, digressions, varied articulation quality) that could affect LLM evaluation patterns.
- 2.
- No human ground truth: We lack parallel human interviewer ratings for the same answers. While Finding 5 (Expectation Gap) provides indirect calibration evidence, direct human–LLM agreement measurement remains future work.
- 3.
- Behavioral interviews only: Our audit covers behavioral (competency-based) interview questions only. Technical interviews, system design interviews, and case study formats may exhibit different reliability patterns.
- 4.
- Model snapshot: LLM capabilities change with model updates. Our results reflect model behavior at the time of experimentation (March 2026). Findings should be periodically revalidated as models evolve.
- 5.
- Single answer per question: We evaluate one community-sourced answer per question. A more comprehensive benchmark would include multiple answers of varying quality per question to test discriminative validity.
- 6.
- Prompt sensitivity: While we use a standardized prompt, different prompt designs could yield different reliability profiles. Our findings represent one specific — but realistic — evaluation prompt template.
8. Conclusion
Appendix A. Experimental Configuration Details
Appendix A.1. System Configuration
- Python Version: 3.11+
- LLM Integration: LiteLLM library
- Async Processing: asyncio with max 5 concurrent requests
- Experiment Dates: March 25–27, 2026
Appendix A.2. Model Access
Appendix A.3. Data and Code Availability
Appendix B. Supplementary Tables
Appendix B.1. Full Rating Distribution by Cell
Appendix B.2. Full Pairwise Spearman Correlation Matrix
Appendix B.3. Test–Retest Detail
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| Family | Model | Tier | Samples/Cell |
|---|---|---|---|
| OpenAI GPT-5.4 | gpt-5.4 | Mid | 10 |
| gpt-5.4-pro | Flagship | 10 | |
| gpt-5.4-mini | Lightweight | 50 | |
| Anthropic Claude | claude-opus-4-6 | Flagship | 10 |
| claude-sonnet-4-6 | Mid | 50 | |
| claude-haiku-4-5 | Lightweight | 50 | |
| Google Gemini | gemini-3.1-pro-preview | Flagship | 10 |
| gemini-3-flash-preview | Mid | 50 | |
| gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview | Lightweight | 50 |
| Model | Best Run Agreement | Worst Run Agreement | Worst pstdev |
|---|---|---|---|
| gpt-5.4 | 1.00 (SD=0) | 0.80 | 0.08 |
| gpt-5.4-pro | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.079 |
| gpt-5.4-mini | 0.80 | 0.60 | 0.147 |
| gemini-3.1-pro-preview | 0.90 | 0.60 | 0.20 |
| claude-haiku-4-5 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.421 |
| gemini-3-flash-preview | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.369 |
| gemini-3.1-flash-lite | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.381 |
| Model | ICC(2,1) | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|
| gpt-5.4-pro | 0.852 | Good reliability |
| claude-opus-4-6 | 0.756 | Moderate-to-good |
| gpt-5.4 | 0.753 | Moderate-to-good |
| gemini-3.1-pro-preview | 0.737 | Moderate |
| gemini-3-flash-preview | 0.734 | Moderate |
| claude-sonnet-4-6 | 0.691 | Moderate |
| gemini-3.1-flash-lite | 0.655 | Moderate |
| gpt-5.4-mini | 0.342 | Poor |
| claude-haiku-4-5 | 0.160 | Poor — near random |
| Model Pair | Spearman | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|
| Gemini 3 Flash ↔ Gemini 3.1 Pro | 0.936 | Same-family, excellent |
| Claude Haiku ↔ Claude Sonnet | 0.890 | Same-family, excellent |
| Claude Haiku ↔ Gemini 3.1 Pro | 0.874 | Cross-family, good |
| Gemini 3 Flash ↔ GPT-5.4 | 0.522 | Moderate only |
| GPT-5.4 ↔ GPT-5.4-pro | 0.314 | Same-brand, near-random |
| GPT-5.4 ↔ GPT-5.4-pro (mid-level) | 0.249 | Lowest — effectively random |
| Test | Statistic | Value | p-value | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scale utilization (entropy) | 0.707 / 1.609 nats | — | Normalized entropy = 0.44; effective categories = 2.03 | |
| Friedman test | 35.56 | Models give significantly different ratings | ||
| Kendall’s W | W | 0.639 | Moderate concordance on question ranking | |
| Krippendorff’s (ordinal) | 0.523 | — | Below 0.667 tentative-conclusion threshold | |
| ICC(2,1) range | ICC | 0.160–0.852 | — | Poor to good; only 1/9 models above 0.75 |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank | z | 0.005 | Flagship harsher than lightweight |
| Model | Cross-Q SD | Entropy | Mean | Profile |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gpt-5.4-mini | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.66 | Most stable, moderate consensus |
| gpt-5.4 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.49 | Ultra-deterministic, lowest consensus |
| claude-haiku-4-5 | 0.26 | 0.43 | 0.79 | Balanced, highest consensus (tied) |
| claude-sonnet-4-6 | 0.39 | 0.24 | 0.76 | Mid-range |
| claude-opus-4-6 | 0.43 | 0.18 | 0.72 | Mid-range |
| gpt-5.4-pro | 0.44 | 0.10 | 0.63 | Deterministic but cross-Q volatile |
| gemini-3.1-flash-lite | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.70 | Noisiest distribution |
| gemini-3.1-pro | 0.63 | 0.27 | 0.78 | Volatile, good consensus |
| gemini-3-flash | 0.68 | 0.49 | 0.79 | Most volatile, highest consensus (tied) |
| Requirement | Metric | Threshold | Our Result | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| R1: Scale utilization | Normalized entropy | 0.44 fail | F1: 2.03 effective categories | |
| R2: Test–retest stability | ICC(2,1) | 0.16–0.85 (1/9 pass) fail | F2: 5.3× ICC spread | |
| R3: Cross-model robustness | Krippendorff’s | 0.523 fail | F3: Below tentative threshold | |
| R4: Question-type fairness | Cross-Q score SD | 0.075–0.684 fail | F4: 9× spread | |
| R5: Calibration validity | Correlation w/ humans | N/A | F5: Expectation gap |
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