Vaccination Coverage and Occupational Immunization Gaps Among Veterinarians from a One Health Perspective

Veterinarians are occupationally exposed to zoonotic pathogens and may therefore be at increased risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, evidence on vaccination coverage and immunization practices in this professional group remains limited. This study assessed vaccination coverage, perceptions, and barriers to immunization among registered veterinarians in Málaga, Spain, within a One Health framework. A cross-sectional anonymous survey was distributed to all registered veterinarians in the province. The questionnaire collected sociodemographic and professional information, self-reported vaccination status, attitudes toward vaccination, and training needs. A total of 164 veterinarians participated. Vaccination coverage was low for several occupationally relevant vaccines, including seasonal influenza (21.3%) and rabies (23.2%). Nearly half of respondents were unaware of their hepatitis B vaccination status. In contrast, COVID-19 vaccine uptake was high (96.9%). Although most participants considered vaccination highly important, a marked gap between positive attitudes and actual vaccination practices was identified. These findings highlight important gaps in occupational immunization among veterinarians and support the need for improved vaccination strategies, easier access to immunization programs, and enhanced vaccinology training. Strengthening vaccination coverage among veterinary professionals may also contribute to zoonotic disease prevention and preparedness at the human–animal interface within a One Health approach.