Clustering of Maritime Cultural Heritage through Strategic Participative Planning and Social Management: The case of West Pagasetic Gulf, Greece

1. Introduction

Cultural heritage plays a multifaceted role in contemporary society, offering valuable insights into historical contexts while also supporting the sustainability of both rural and urban communities [1]. By preserving and promoting cultural heritage, societies increase their understanding of social evolution, safeguarding the continuity of traditions and consolidating their cultural identities. Beyond its historical and identity-building implication, cultural heritage contributes to community sustainability by strengthening social cohesion, supporting tourism, and driving local economic development. This role becomes even more pronounced in regions with an intercultural history that transcends national borders. A typical example is the Mediterranean region, often likened to a "great lake" of cultures, where centuries of trade and interaction have facilitated a rich exchange of ideas, practices, and traditions, shaping its diverse and interconnected cultural landscape.

Human interaction with the seas and oceans, particularly in coastal areas, has played a crucial role in shaping both the natural landscape and the development of maritime cultural heritage. This heritage spans not only terrestrial and marine elements but also includes underwater environments, creating a rich and diverse tapestry that forms an essential part of our collective cultural resources [2]. Over centuries of engagement with the coastal and marine world, these heritage sites provide invaluable insights into human history, innovation, and the intricate relationship between people and the sea [3].

Within the broader spectrum of cultural heritage, Maritime Cultural Heritage (MCH) holds a unique and vital position. MCH is the cultural outcome of the interactions between people, societies, and their maritime environments, as well as their links to broader maritime trade networks. On a larger scale, maritime heritage reflects the remnants of sea-borne connections, including trading ports, artifacts, and shipwrecks. While contemporary maps often depict major rivers, large water bodies, and oceans as uninhabited regions that define geopolitical boundaries, these maritime spaces have historically been areas of intense interaction and connectivity. This exchange of people, ideas, and material culture across these regions led to the development of complex cultural imaginaries over vast distances. This is evident in the historic trade and religious networks of the Maritime Silk Road, which stretched from Japan and China in the east to Europe and the Middle East in the west. The historic ports along these networks were shaped by the diverse populations that lived in and travelled through them over the centuries [4].

According to [5], "Maritime Cultural Heritage consists of finite and non-renewable cultural resources, including prehistoric and indigenous archaeological sites and landscapes along coastlines or submerged underwater, historic waterfront structures, remnants of seagoing vessels, and both past and present maritime traditions and ways of life. Therefore, Maritime Cultural Heritage (MCH) includes both tangible and intangible elements such as narratives, practices, traditions, customs, cultural imagery, found either on land or underwater, and the physical landscapes shaped by maritime culture. These components represent the deep connection between people, the sea, and their environment, carrying not only cultural and emotional significance but also practical value and a variety of other meanings [4].

“Underwater Cultural Heritage” (UCH), is a subset of maritime cultural heritage, specifically focusing on the tangible assets and resources found beneath the water. This includes a) submerged archaeological sites such as shipwrecks, sunken cities, and prehistoric landscapes now underwater due to rising sea levels, b) artifacts and remnants such as objects left behind by past civilizations, such as pottery, tools, and personal belongings that were submerged [1].

According to what was mentioned above, Maritime/underwater cultural heritage (MUCH) refers to the tangible and intangible elements related to human interaction with the sea and other bodies of water, spanning from ancient times to the present day. According to the recent Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Global International Guide on Marine/Maritime Spatial Planning [6], maritime/underwater cultural heritage (MUCH) is a key consideration in MSP efforts. MUCH encompasses both tangible and intangible aspects of human history and the significance of this heritage lies not only in its historical value but also in its potential to contribute to social and cultural identities, engage local stakeholders, and support economic development through cultural tourism.

Integrating maritime cultural heritage (MCH) into Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) helps preserve cultural assets, support sustainable development, and enhance the identity of local maritime communities. This can be achieved by identifying and mapping cultural resources, engaging stakeholders, implementing conservation-based legal provisions, ensuring sustainable use, and monitoring heritage sites. By considering cultural heritage alongside other marine uses, MSP can safeguard both environmental and cultural values.

The following Table 1 summarizes the different steps of integration of MCH in MSP, resulting from desk research in various relevant papers and reports.

2. Maritime Cultural Heritage in Greece

Maritime/underwater cultural heritage is a critical component of Greece’s rich historical tapestry, offering profound insights into the nation’s interaction with the sea and its surrounding environment over millennia. In the context of unresolved conflicts among neighboring countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, nowadays MUCH may act as critical catalyst in the field of cultural diplomacy. As stated by [7] and [8], cultural diplomacy continues to attract significant interest as a potential means for states to exercise ‘soft power’. However, the concept of “soft power” has not been applied, so far, more broadly in cultural heritage studies [9,10,11].

Despite its significant cultural and economic potential, MUCH faces significant challenges. It is made up of finite and non-renewable cultural resources, including both coastal and submerged archaeological sites, as well as the maritime traditions and ways of life of past and present communities. Nevertheless, several key issues hinder the effective management and utilization of these resources including the dispersed nature of heritage sites, which often renders them inaccessible; the lack of involvement of local communities and professional associations in tourism-related decision-making; and the absence of decentralized governance and effective monitoring mechanisms for cultural heritage management.

Greece has a tough legislative framework for the protection and management of Maritime/Underwater Cultural Heritage (MUCH), which is reflected in numerous laws, conventions, and regulations aimed at preserving these valuable assets. The legislative landscape draws from international conventions as well as national legal provisions.

As for the international conventions and agreements and more specifically the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the UCH (2001) [12], Greece ratified this convention, aspiring to protect UCH from activities that could spoil it. The convention sets out general principles and guidelines, involving the prevention of commercial utilization of UCH and the promotion of scientific research for its conservation. Furthermore, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) [13] offers a framework for the regulation of maritime areas, including provisions related to the protection of submerged heritage. Greece, being a signatory party of UNCLOS, follows the instructions fixed by this Convention in the management of maritime archaeological sites. On the other hand, Greece, as an EU member state, is subject to European Union regulations and directives on cultural heritage, including the EU’s Cultural Heritage Policies, emphasizing the preservation of UCH.

In 1976 a specialized service was established within the Hellenic Ministry of Culture entitled “Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities” [14]. This service is responsible for overseeing underwater cultural heritage across the country. Its primary mission is to safeguard underwater antiquities, which include ancient shipwrecks, submerged settlements, and historical harbor structures found in the seas, lakes, and rivers.

The basis of Greece's cultural heritage protection system is law 3028/2002 [15] which establishes the legal framework for the protection of cultural heritage, including both terrestrial and underwater sites. It ensures that underwater archaeological sites—such as shipwrecks, sunken cities, and submerged artifacts—receive the same level of protection as land-based heritage. Article 2 of the law specifically addresses the preservation of underwater cultural heritage, granting the Greek Ministry of Culture exclusive authority over permits for exploration or excavation.

Since 2003, with the designation of shipwrecks and aircrafts over 50 years old as monuments of historical, technical, scientific, and cultural significance (Government Gazette 1701/Β/19-11-2003), the Ephorate mentioned above has also been tasked with their protection. Specifically, the Ephorate's responsibilities include: a/the identification and exploration of submerged antiquities; b/Ensuring their preservation; and c/ Organizing underwater antiquities museums; d/Overseeing projects conducted by maritime research institutions, oceanographic centers, and expeditions; e/ Regulating diving and other maritime activities that may pose risks to the preservation of antiquities; f/ Promoting the designation of underwater archaeological sites (under Article 15 of Law 3028/2002); g/Managing and maintaining these sites as public-accessible locations under supervision ( AUCHS, according to Article 11 of Law 3409/2005 [16].

In 2015, the Ministry issued additional guidelines to regulate underwater archaeological research, specifying who may conduct such activities (e.g., licensed archaeologists) and the conditions for obtaining exploration permits.

Finally, an important legislative amendment has recently been enacted, creating a new, functional institutional framework for underwater cultural heritage and recreational diving. The amendment to Law 3409/2005 [16] was followed by the enactment of Law 4688/2020 [17], which introduced provisions for special forms of tourism, including the establishment of "underwater museums". This law was later incorporated into Law 4858/2021 [18], which codified the legislation for the protection of antiquities and cultural heritage in general.

Under the revised legal framework, recreational diving is still permitted in the Accessible Underwater Archaeological Sites (AUAS), but a new operational model has been developed. According to this model, the Hellenic Ministry of Culture (Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities) is responsible for the management, organization, operation, and safety of these underwater sites. Diving service providers, licensed and approved by the Ministry, are in charge of escorting groups of divers and ensuring their safety while visiting the sites. These providers are required to employ specially trained guides, authorized by the Ministry and tasked with educating divers on proper conduct at these sensitive locations.

Furthermore, Article 7 of the aforementioned Law 4688/2020 [17] permits recreational diving at shipwrecks, which are considered a subcategory of underwater cultural heritage. These wrecks can only be accessed following their official designation as "accessible" through a Joint Ministerial Decision, which also sets out the specific conditions for diving at these sites. To date, 91 modern historic shipwrecks have been designated as accessible by the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, and efforts are underway to open them to the public [19].

In certain cases, Greece has also established marine protected areas (MPAs) considered in parallel zones for the preservation of UCH. These include areas with significant archaeological value. Commercial exploitation of underwater cultural heritage (such as treasure hunting) is prohibited under both Greek law and the UNESCO Convention. The law strictly regulates the recovery of underwater artifacts and mandates that any discoveries of cultural heritage be reported to the authorities. Finally, only certified archaeologists, researchers, or institutions authorized by the Ministry of Culture can carry out underwater excavations or research. This includes a formal process for granting permits for archaeological investigation in maritime areas. Greece also encourages scientific research and international collaboration in the field of underwater archaeology. Researchers and international teams often work under permits and with the approval of the Ministry of Culture, ensuring that their activities comply with national laws and international obligations.

Greece also emphasizes the educational and cultural importance of maritime and underwater heritage. Artifacts recovered from the sea can be displayed in museums or used for public outreach, following preservation and conservation guidelines. The country has founded strict enforcement mechanisms to protect UCH. Any illegal excavation or trade in underwater cultural objects can result in severe penalties, including fines, confiscation of artifacts, and imprisonment. The Greek Coast Guard and local authorities often collaborate with archaeologists to ensure compliance with these laws in maritime zones.

In conclusion, Greece’s legislative framework on Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage is comprehensive and aligned with both international and national standards for cultural heritage protection but also opening to other marine activities. The combination of specific laws, international conventions, regulatory bodies like the “Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities”, and enforcement measures ensures that underwater cultural heritage is properly safeguarded for future generations.

Despite the above, the challenges facing the effective management of MUCH in regions like the West Pagasetic Gulf, located in Magnesia, Greece, are manifold. They are including the physical dispersion of sites, which limits accessibility and integration into the everyday lives of residents and tourists alike. Furthermore, the governance of these sites is often fragmented, with overlapping responsibilities among various authorities, leading to inefficiencies in planning and management. Additionally, there is a notable lack of societal participation in the decision-making processes related to cultural heritage, which hinders the development of community-driven initiatives that could enhance the value and accessibility of these sites.

Hence, this paper aims to address these challenges by exploring strategic planning and participatory social management approaches tailored to the unique context of the area. The research focuses on two primary objectives: (a) the creation of local social networks and participatory processes for decision-making and cultural heritage management, and (b) the implementation of innovative solutions, including strategic terrestrial and maritime planning, alongside soft projects designed to link dispersed cultural sites into cohesive cultural clusters. These clusters and networks are intended to improve the visibility and accessibility of cultural heritage, ultimately fostering tourism and economic development in alignment with the interests and needs of local stakeholders.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. The Case Study Area

The coastal district and the maritime area in west Pagasetic Gulf represent the pilot research area (Figure 1). The West Pagasetic Gulf is a coastal area in the region of Magnesia, which is one of the 74 regional units of Greece. The regional unit of Magnesia is a subdivision of the Region of Thessaly and consists of the municipalities of Almyros, Volos, Zagora-Mouresi, South Pelion and Riga Feraiou, while it does not include the regional unity of Sporades islands. Magnesia has an area of 2,636 sq. km and the total population of the regional unit amounts to 177.448 inhabitants according to the 2021 census. The capital of the regional unit is the city of Volos with a population of 139.670 inhabitants. The second largerst city in population is the municipality of Almyros, a mainly rural area with a population of 16.072 inhabitants.

The case-study area (Figure 1) extends from the outskirts of Volos up to Amaliapolis and opposite to it, up to the village and the Island of Trikeri in the south Pelion peninsula. It is a coastal and maritime area of 40 km in length and 5 km in width; and it constitutes a large cluster of important heritage sites from different historical periods: Prehistoric period, Classical Antiquity, Hellenistic centuries, and Byzantine Age. This long research area transverses three municipalities; the Municipality of Volos, the Municipality of Almyros and the Municipality of South Pelion.

The focused research area (Figure 1), highlighted in light blue, contains archaeological heritage sites and intangible cultural elements spanning 3,000 years of history. The cultural cluster includes neolithic and prehistoric settlements (Sesklo, Dimini, Neilia, Nies), ancient cities from Classical Antiquity (Iolkos, Demetriada, Pyrassos, Alos), Byzantine cities, Convents, and Churches (such as Fthiotides-Thebes and the Convent of Panagia Xenia), as well as Shipwrecks from the Classical Antiquity and Byzantine Era.

The region of Magnesia, characterized by its centuries-old and historically significant heritage, was chosen for the establishment of a unified coastal cultural zone. This research focuses on an area rich in monuments of cultural significance, historical landmarks, and archaeological sites. According to the National Archive of Monuments [20], which records and documents the monuments, archaeological sites, historical sites and protection zones of Greece, the study area (Figure 1) includes over 40 declared protected areas.

The selected zone demonstrates a strong socio-cultural continuity and cohesion, with deep-rooted economic, commercial, and communicative interdependencies, evidenced by the numerous archaeological discoveries.

It is known that on the coasts of Magnesia and the Northern Sporades, important events took place in ancient times that left their mark on history. According to mythology, the Argo, the ship used by the Argonauts for their famous campaign, was built in the area. Apart from historical events, the area was also known for its busy sea routes. Having dry land on either side made travel safer, while the affluent societies living in the area contributed to developing trade. Both historical sources and archaeological finds highlight that Magnesia and the Northern Sporades played an important role in ancient Greece, both historically and economically [21]. Within this expansive cluster of cultural heritage sites, three distinct subclusters can be identified (Figure 2):

• The subcluster of Pefkakia including the prehistoric towns of Nileia and Iolkos, the Hellenistic city of Dimitriada, the Neolithic village of Dimini and the Prehistoric village of Sesklou.
• The subcluster of Nea Anghialos including the ancient cities of Pyrasos (Classical antiquity) and Fthiotides-Thebes of the Byzantine Age (3rd AD).
• The subcluster of Almyros-Nies-Amaliada-Trikeri island including the prehistoric city of Alos, as well as ancient and Byzantine shipwrecks.

2.2. Challenges Related to the Archaeological Site

The archaeological landscape of the West Pagasitic Gulf is divided into distinct subclusters, each characterized by unique historical significance and varying degrees of accessibility. The Pefkakia subcluster includes the prehistoric settlements of Nileia and Iolkos, along with the Hellenistic city of Dimitriada. This area is notably isolated and disconnected from the local street network, which renders the archaeological sites inaccessible to the public. Although there have been proposals for two projects aimed at developing a pedestrian network to improve public access to these sites, no substantial progress has been made towards their implementation.

In contrast, the Nea Anghialos subcluster, which comprises the ancient city of Pyrasos from Classical antiquity and Fthiotides-Thebes from the Byzantine era (3rd century AD), is characterized by excellent connectivity and accessibility. These archaeological sites are not only easily accessible to visitors but are also well-integrated into the urban fabric of the modern city of Nea Anghialos, thereby enhancing the area's cultural and historical continuity.

Similarly, the Almyros-Nies-Amaliada-Trikeri Island subcluster, which includes the prehistoric city of Alos as well as ancient and Byzantine shipwrecks, mirrors the isolation observed in the Pefkakia subcluster. The archaeological sites in this subcluster are scattered and disconnected from the local street network, making them inaccessible to the public. This lack of accessibility highlights a broader challenge in balancing the preservation of historical integrity with the promotion of public engagement with the region's rich archaeological heritage.

In July 2022, the Greek Ministry of Culture, in collaboration with the Regional Authority of Thessaly and the Municipality of Almyros, presented a list of projects for the area that have been incorporated into the BlueMed European Project [22]. These projects include plans for the construction of three underwater museums, which are intended to create a holistic submarine park that will allow the public to visit ancient shipwrecks.

The planned projects include several key initiatives:

• First, the design of underwater pathways for self-guided divers, accompanied by special tablets suitable for underwater use, will provide information about the underwater archaeological remnants as well as the biodiversity of the sea.
• Second, the construction of information centers along the coastal zone will utilize virtual reality software to enable visitors to experience a virtual dive and explore the underwater archaeological remnants of shipwrecks.

However, it is important to note that, despite these ambitious plans, none of these projects have yet been realized. No construction has begun, and the proposed initiatives remain in the initial planning stages. The delay in implementing these projects underscores the ongoing challenges in advancing heritage management and accessibility in the region.

2.3. The Research Methodology

The 2024 pilot research in the West Pagasetic Gulf, Magnesia, Greece, was carefully designed to investigate strategic planning and participatory social management of and maritime cultural heritage (MCH). The study followed a structured, step-by-step approach aimed at improving the management and utilization of dispersed cultural sites, with the goal of better integrating them into both tourism development and the daily lives of local communities. The methodological framework comprised several key actions, outlined as follows (Figure 3):

2.3.1. Preparation

The preparation phase involves a comprehensive approach to understanding the existing landscape of maritime cultural heritage (MCH) in the West Pagasetic Gulf. This phase includes a literature review, a desk research and baseline study, stakeholders’ interviewing, the creation of a socio-cultural network and the formation of a Community of Practice with practitioners from the planning, heritage and tourism sectors.

• Literature review

A thorough review of existing literature is conducted to identify key themes, methodologies, and outcomes related to MCH management. This review provides a theoretical framework for the study, drawing insights from global and local case studies that illustrate best practices in strategic planning and participative social management of dispersed cultural heritage sites.

• Desk research-Baseline study

The baseline study focuses on mapping the socio-cultural objects in the coastal area of the West Pagasetic Gulf and up to inland and assessing their historical significance, accessibility, and current state of preservation. Based on the comprehensive data collected from multiple sources, including cultural heritage registration services, extensive on-site research, a systematic review of historical texts about the region, and interviews with key stakeholders such as officials from the local Ephorate of Antiquities of Magnesia and residents, we developed an extensive database cataloguing all objects of socio-cultural significance. This meticulous mapping process involved not only the identification and documentation of these cultural assets but also a detailed assessment of their cultural, historical, and social value. The evaluation of each site’s significance was essential in establishing a framework for prioritizing them, ensuring that the most critical and vulnerable heritage assets receive appropriate attention in future conservation, management, and sustainable development strategies. This structured approach aims to facilitate informed decision-making and the integration of cultural heritage into broader regional planning efforts, safeguarding the area's unique identity while promoting responsible development. Furthermore, this systematic approach enabled us to group these heritage assets into distinct clusters based on shared characteristics such as geographic proximity, thematic connections, or historical significance.

• Conducting interviews

To gain a deeper understanding of local perspectives and identify key issues in MCH management, in-depth interviews are conducted with a diverse range of stakeholders. These stakeholders include local community members, cultural heritage professionals, municipal authorities, tourism operators, and representatives from non-governmental organizations. The interviews aim to capture insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with cultural heritage management in the region, as well as stakeholders' expectations and suggestions for future strategies. Τhis stage was done in parallel with the Baseline study in order to create the database with objects of socio-cultural significance.

• Creating a Socio-Cultural Network

The initial phase involved creating a robust socio-cultural network to actively engage local communities, stakeholders, and professional associations connected to tourism and cultural heritage. This network was critical for fostering communication, collaboration, and collective decision-making. The socio-cultural network aimed at promoting two central ideas: (a) the West Pagasetic Gulf constitutes a significant cluster of coastal and maritime cultural heritage, and (b) the most effective protection and enhancement of this cultural cluster can be achieved through societal engagement and the establishment of a socio-cultural network. Key participants in the network included local government representatives, cultural and historical associations, archaeologists, tourism professionals, and other relevant stakeholders. This network served as the foundation for subsequent activities, ensuring that the research was grounded in local knowledge and perspectives.

Through interviews with various stakeholders, it became clear that enhancing the cultural heritage of the West Pagasetic area, both coastal and maritime, was a shared priority. Stakeholders highlighted several challenges, including the need for funding to complete excavations and brand the area, coordination issues among involved authorities, and significant accessibility difficulties due to inadequate road infrastructure and public transportation. Additionally, the lack of essential visitor infrastructure, such as security, pedestrian pathways, and amenities at archaeological sites, was identified as a barrier to making these sites attractive and accessible. All of them have agreed on the significance of cultural heritage in West Pagasetic area, and its critical role to tourism and economic development of Magnesia.

Recognizing the vital role of cultural heritage in driving tourism and economic development, there was broad consensus on the need to address these challenges. To put this initiative into action, a call was issued to establish a socio-cultural network for the West Pagasetic heritage. This call was widely disseminated through emails and phone outreach to a diverse group of stakeholders, including local and regional authorities, professional associations linked to economic and recreational activities, and NGOs focused on cultural heritage preservation. The response was overwhelmingly positive, resulting in the successful creation of the socio-cultural network. Moreover, a Community of Practice is envisaged with the topic of “integrating MUCH in maritime spatial Planning (MSP)” that, in this case, will join practitioners from the planning, heritage and tourism sectors.

2.3.2. Question Formulation

A key aspect of this research was to appreciate and evaluate the perspectives of all stakeholders within the socio-cultural network, thus a comprehensive questionnaire was developed. This questionnaire, consisting of 24 questions, was designed to cover all relevant aspects of the research. The questions addressed the following key areas: (a) the identification of the cultural area's boundaries, including both coastal land borders and sea borders; (b) stakeholders' knowledge of existing cultural heritage elements, both built heritage sites and intangible heritage elements, within the research area; (c) stakeholders' views on the importance of these cultural heritage elements, allowing for a hierarchy of significance to be established; and (d) stakeholders' opinions on the contribution of cultural heritage to the region's economic and tourism development.

The questionnaire was tailored to reach all relevant stakeholder groups in the research area, including local authorities, the Regional Authority of Thessaly, professional associations, NGOs involved in cultural heritage, and residents. The broad scope of the questionnaire necessitated the organization of a participatory workshop to further engage stakeholders and discuss the findings in a collaborative environment.

2.3.3. Organization of a Participatory Workshop: The Aim, the Context, and the Process

To increase stakeholder engagement and refine the strategic planning process, a participatory workshop was conducted. The workshop aimed to convene members of the socio-cultural network to discuss, evaluate, and contribute to the development of strategies for the management of cultural heritage. The workshop's context was established based on the challenges identified through the questionnaire survey and the overarching need for integrated cultural and spatial planning. The workshop process included structured group discussions, presentations of preliminary strategic concepts, and interactive sessions that encouraged participants to provide feedback and propose new ideas. This participatory approach was essential in ensuring that the strategies developed were aligned with the local context and stakeholder expectations.

The workshop was organized with two primary objectives: (a) conducting the Questionnaire Survey as described earlier, and (b) facilitating in-depth consultations among stakeholders. The workshop was meticulously planned and scheduled six weeks in advance to ensure broad participation. The organization process involved the following key actions:

• Invitation Process: Invitation letters were sent to all members of the socio-cultural network via email and telephone calls, encouraging them to join the forthcoming workshop.
• Community Outreach: A broader outreach to the local society was conducted, inviting the public to participate in the workshop. This was achieved through posters displayed in public buildings and a social media campaign on Facebook, which ran continuously for four weeks.

The workshop provided a structured environment where participants could engage with the research findings and proposed projects. The context of the workshop included the following activities:

• Presentation of Research: The pilot research of the Pagasetic area was introduced as a comprehensive coastal and maritime cluster of cultural heritage. This presentation highlighted the significance and potential of the region as a unified cultural tourism destination.
• Questionnaire Distribution: Paper-printed questionnaires were distributed to all participants, allowing them to provide their input in real-time.
• In-Depth Consultation: A facilitated discussion was conducted to encourage dialogue among participants about the research outcomes, with a particular focus on the proposed projects and actions for enhancing cultural heritage in the West Pagasetic coastal and maritime zone. The aim was to reach a consensus on the most effective strategies for heritage enhancement and tourism development.

The proposed projects and actions for consultation are the following (Figure 4):

• Using terrestrial and maritime spatial planning to transform the area of West Pagasetic into a cultural tourism destination realizing the desirable condition Culture and tourism; economic development and cohesion of local society. Introducing a Strategic Plan of West Pagasetic for the holistic management and enhancement of Maritime Cultural Heritage. In other words, the creation of a network of cultural heritage sites (not a series of single, unconnected, and segregated heritage sites) to brand the area of West Pagasetic and reinforce cultural tourism development.
• Establishing Maritime Public Transportation to connect all coastal heritage sites within West Pagasetic by high-speed small vessels departing for the Port of Volos every hour and functioning like hop-on & hop-off public transport for visitors. In addition to this public transport, cruise yachts may organize cultural day cruises to coastal and maritime heritage sites of West Pagasetic.
• The integration of cultural heritage sites into the everyday life of inhabitants and visitors by creating an Archaeological/Historical Park in Pefkakia requiring three main projects:
  • The design and construction of a pedestrian network and the necessary infrastructures for visitors (i.e. security guidance, WC., closets, coffee canteen, etc. for visitors) in the archaeological zone of Pefkakia.
  • The construction of an Exhibition Pavilion, a kind of light construction by metal or/and wood [see typical examples in photos] in the public land of 20 hectares owned by the University of Thessaly and located within the archaeological zone of Pefkakia. The pavilion will offer 3D representation of ancient monuments as well as 3D animation about the life in the ancient cities found in the area; videos of the ancient Greek expedition to Troe, etc.

The construction of an Open-air Theatre, a kind of light construction by metal or/and wood [see typical examples in photos] in the public land of 20 hectares owned by the University of Thessaly and located within the archaeological zone of Pefkakia. The theatre will host ancient Greek Tragedies, classical music concerts, and pop concerts during spring and summer.

Figure 4. Proposed projects and actions.

Figure 4. Proposed projects and actions.

The Participatory Workshop was held at the City Hall of the Municipality of Almyros on May 15, 2024. The event was well-attended, with more than 30 participants, including local and regional politicians, representatives from professional associations and cooperatives, NGOs, and residents of the area.

3. Results

The Questionnaire Survey was designed to capture the perspectives of stakeholders on various aspects of the cultural heritage in the West Pagasetic Gulf. The survey, consisting of 24 questions, covered topics such as the identification of cultural area boundaries, stakeholders' knowledge of cultural heritage elements, and their views on the importance of these elements and their contribution to economic and tourism development. During the participatory workshop, questionnaires were distributed to all attendees, who were encouraged to complete them on-site. Additionally, to ensure broader community engagement, an electronic version of the questionnaire was made available via Google Forms. This allowed residents of Almyros who could not attend the workshop to participate in the survey. The electronic form remained open for one week following the workshop to maximize response rates and ensure inclusive input from the local population. The total number of questionnaires collected was 45, a sample that concentrated on local experts and professionals, mainly regarding cultural heritage.

3.1. Demographic Profile

The demographic composition of the survey respondents reflects a diverse cross-section of the local community, which is essential for capturing a wide range of perspectives on cultural heritage management.

Table 2. Demographic profile of respondents.

Demographic variables	Percentage (%), n = 45
Gender
Male	44%
Female	56
Age (years)
18 and under	0%
18-24	4%
25-34	20%
35-44	16%
45-54	20%
55-65	36%
66 and up	4
Education
Postgraduate Diploma	32%
Undergraduate Diploma	28%
High school graduate	20%
Technological Educational Institute	26%
Primary school graduate	4%
Doctoral Diploma, Ph.D	0
Professional situation
Employee	84%
Unemployed	4%
Student	0%
Retired	8%
Household duties and her care family	4
Area of Residents
Municipal Unit of Almyros	52%
Municipal Unit of Pteleos	12%
Municipal Unit of Nea Anghialos	4%
Municipal Unit of Volos	32%

Table 2. Demographic profile of respondents.

Demographic variables	Percentage (%), n = 45
Gender
Male	44%
Female	56
Age (years)
18 and under	0%
18-24	4%
25-34	20%
35-44	16%
45-54	20%
55-65	36%
66 and up	4
Education
Postgraduate Diploma	32%
Undergraduate Diploma	28%
High school graduate	20%
Technological Educational Institute	26%
Primary school graduate	4%
Doctoral Diploma, Ph.D	0
Professional situation
Employee	84%
Unemployed	4%
Student	0%
Retired	8%
Household duties and her care family	4
Area of Residents
Municipal Unit of Almyros	52%
Municipal Unit of Pteleos	12%
Municipal Unit of Nea Anghialos	4%
Municipal Unit of Volos	32%

3.2. Awareness and Perception of Cultural Heritage

The respondents demonstrated varying levels of awareness regarding both the built and intangible cultural heritage in the West Pagasetic Gulf.

Built Cultural Heritage Awareness: A significant proportion of respondents (56%) reported a moderate level of awareness of the built cultural heritage in the coastal and maritime zones, with 36% indicating a high level of awareness. Only a small minority (8%) admitted to having little awareness. These findings suggest a relatively strong familiarity with the region's physical cultural assets among the local population.

Figure 5. Awareness on built cultural heritage.

Figure 5. Awareness on built cultural heritage.

Intangible Cultural Heritage Awareness: When asked about intangible cultural heritage, including music, dances, festivals, and customs, 64% of respondents expressed moderate awareness, while 24% reported high awareness. These results indicate a deep-rooted recognition of the cultural traditions and practices that contribute to the region's identity.

Figure 6. Awareness of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Figure 6. Awareness of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

3.3. Importance of Cultural Heritage Elements

Participants were asked to identify the cultural heritage elements they deemed most significant for the identity of the Gulf. The results highlight key elements from both built and intangible heritage.

Built Cultural Heritage: The Prehistoric and Hellenistic city of Alos emerged as the most significant element, with 72% of respondents identifying it as a critical part of the region's heritage. Other important sites included the Underwater Museum for ancient and Byzantine shipwrecks in Amaliada (40%) and the Byzantine Monastery of Panagia Xenia (44%). These findings underscore the historical and cultural significance of these sites and their potential role in cultural tourism.

Figure 7. Importance of Built Cultural Heritage Elements.

Figure 7. Importance of Built Cultural Heritage Elements.

Intangible Cultural Heritage: Among the intangible cultural elements, Festivals of traditional local products were considered the most important by 80% of respondents, followed by Religious holidays (76%) and Folk traditional music (68%). These preferences reflect the strong cultural traditions that continue to shape the region's identity and communal life.

Figure 8. Importance of Intangible Cultural Heritage Elements.

Figure 8. Importance of Intangible Cultural Heritage Elements.

3.4. Contribution to Tourism and Economic Development

The survey explored the potential of cultural heritage elements to contribute to the tourism and economic development of the area.

The respondents identified the Prehistoric and Hellenistic city of Alos (60%), Festivals of traditional local Products (60%) as the top contributors to tourism and economic development.

Figure 9. Contribution of Cultural Heritage to Tourism and Economic Development.

Figure 9. Contribution of Cultural Heritage to Tourism and Economic Development.

3.5. Accessibility and Infrastructure Evaluation

Accessibility and infrastructure are critical factors in enhancing the visitor experience and integrating cultural heritage into everyday life.

Accessibility Ratings: The accessibility of archaeological sites and cultural places received mixed reviews, with 52% rating it as medium and 32% as poor. Only 16% of respondents considered accessibility to be good, indicating a need for infrastructure improvements.

Figure 10. Accessibility Ratings of Cultural Heritage Sites.

Figure 10. Accessibility Ratings of Cultural Heritage Sites.

Infrastructure-related Challenges: The most pressing infrastructure issues identified were related to the road network (48%) and public transport (68%). Furthermore, the availability of information/service centers (64%) was highlighted as a significant gap, suggesting that improved services and infrastructure are necessary to fully exploit the region's cultural heritage potential.

Figure 11. Key Infrastructure-related Issues for Cultural Heritage Sites.

Figure 11. Key Infrastructure-related Issues for Cultural Heritage Sites.

3.6. Evaluation of Proposed Projects

The surveyed participants were also asked to evaluate the proposed projects and their potential impact on the region’s cultural, tourism, and economic landscape.

Endorsement for Sea Interconnections : An overwhelming majority (92%) of respondents supported the introduction of sea interconnections among archaeological sites via public sea transport or Daily Cultural Cruises. This strong endorsement suggests that stakeholders recognize a significant value in integrating maritime transport into the cultural heritage strategy.

Figure 12. Endorsement for Sea Interconnection Projects.

Figure 12. Endorsement for Sea Interconnection Projects.

Integration into Everyday Life: Projects designed to integrate cultural heritage into daily life received a strong support. The proposal for the creation of an Archaeological/Cultural Park in Pefkakia with a high-technology Exhibition Pavilion garnered 80% approval, while an open-air theatre project received 68% support. These findings indicate that there is considerable interest in creating spaces that blend cultural heritage with community life.

Figure 13. Support for Cultural Integration Projects: High-technology Exhibition Pavilion.

Figure 13. Support for Cultural Integration Projects: High-technology Exhibition Pavilion.

Figure 14. Support for Cultural Integration Projects: An open-air theatre.

Figure 14. Support for Cultural Integration Projects: An open-air theatre.

Social Participation and Strategic Planning: There was significant support for initiatives promoting social participation in cultural heritage management. Specifically, 80% of respondents supported the creation of a Social Network for monitoring cultural heritage projects and actions. Similarly, 80% endorsed the development of a Strategic Plan for Cultural Heritage based on participatory approaches and bottom-up proposals. These responses highlight the community’s desire for a more inclusive and democratic approach to heritage management.

Figure 15. Support for Social Participation.

Figure 15. Support for Social Participation.

Figure 16. Support for Strategic Planning.

Figure 16. Support for Strategic Planning.

4. Discussion

Both the strategic planning and the participative social management of maritime cultural heritage (MCH) in the West Pagasetic Gulf, offer significant insights into the broader challenges and opportunities of managing dispersed cultural heritage sites. In this framework, the research presented in this paper, emphasizes the importance of integrating local communities into management and decision-making processes, enhancing the sustainability and economic potential of cultural heritage sites.

Firstly, the research highlights the significance of involving local communities in the management of MCH. Protecting and developing these areas is a primary concern for local communities as it is for indigenous groups [23,24]. It is essential to include local populations in the planning and decision-making processes related to the use and conservation of marine environments [25,26,27,28]. Excluding these communities from such processes erodes their trust and may result in opposition to conservation initiatives [29].

Thus, the creation of a socio-cultural network in the West Pagasetic Gulf facilitated active stakeholder participation and collaboration, which proved essential for developing context-sensitive management strategies. This approach fostered a sense of ownership and responsibility among local stakeholders, which is crucial for the sustainability of heritage management practices. Additionally, the establishment of a Participatory Lab enabled stakeholders to engage directly in the evaluation process, ensuring that the strategies developed were aligned with local needs and priorities.

Secondly, the research highlights the benefits of employing strategic terrestrial and maritime planning, combined with the development of cultural clusters and networks. By linking dispersed cultural sites into integrated clusters through thematic routes and connections, the region can enhance the visibility and accessibility of these heritage assets, thereby promoting tourism and economic development. This network approach not only attracts more visitors but also fosters a deeper connection between local communities and their cultural heritage, reinforcing cultural identity and social cohesion. Additionally, it integrates cultural heritage into the everyday lives of residents, further strengthening the cultural fabric of the community.

Thirdly, the adoption of smart solutions and soft projects, including digital platforms and cultural events, greatly amplifies the potential for managing heritage sustainably. These innovations can make cultural sites more visible and accessible, attracting a diverse audience and fostering cultural tourism. By utilizing technology and creative approaches, heritage managers can create immersive and interactive experiences that captivate both visitors and locals.

The strategic initiatives proposed in this research, including the development of cultural clusters, the enhancement of infrastructure, and the integration of local communities through participatory governance, are expected to significantly boost tourism development in the West Pagasetic Gulf and the capital city of Volos. By creating a network of interconnected cultural sites, the region can offer a more cohesive experience for visitors, which is likely to increase tourist footfall and extend visitor stays. The introduction of smart solutions, such as digital platforms and maritime public transportation, further enhances the appeal of the area by improving accessibility and providing innovative ways for tourists to engage with the region's rich cultural heritage.

In addition to economic benefits, these strategies are anticipated to foster social convergence in the region. The inclusive approach to heritage management, which involves local communities in decision-making and promotes cultural heritage as a shared asset, is likely to strengthen social cohesion and build a stronger sense of collective identity among residents. As community members become more engaged in preserving and promoting their cultural heritage, there is a greater opportunity for social interactions and collaborations, which can lead to increased social capital and community resilience.

For the city of Volos, as a central hub of the West Pagasetic Gulf, the revitalization of its surrounding cultural heritage sites is expected to complement its existing urban attractions, thereby positioning the city of Volos as a gateway to the region's rich historical landscape. This not only boosts the city’s profile as a cultural tourism destination but also stimulates local businesses and services that cater to an influx of visitors. Overall, the combined focus on tourism development and social convergence is expected to create a virtuous cycle of economic growth and social well-being, reinforcing the region's cultural identity and contributing to its long-term sustainability.

4. Conclusions

The above case-study analysis belongs to a broader project entitled “Developing an Observation Network for Maritime Cultural Heritage (MCH/UCH) in Greece”[30]. This project developed a typology on how to embed and utilize maritime cultural heritage (incl. underwater cultural heritage) in two different territorial and maritime contexts. The island context of the South Aegean Sea and the land-sea context of the Pagasetic Gulf.

Concerning the island context (a cluster of islands in the South Aegean region, see Figure 17 and Figure 18, below), the conclusion was that the Greek insular space needs an adaptive organization in “marine functional zones” consisting of clusters of islands with a socio-economic complementarity and a socio-cultural continuity [30]. For this concept, also related to the enhancement of “soft power” factors, to be efficiently implemented, a new management and funding model was proposed, the one of “integrated maritime investments” (IMI) to promote “maritime cohesion”[31]. This is analogous to the “territorial integrated investments” (ITI) tool, which is an effective instrument of the Cohesion Policy [32]. The latter was designed to streamline the implementation of territorial strategies that require funding from multiple sources, while also encouraging a more place-based [33] approach to policy-making. In this case the different sources may be the Cohesion policy and the national island policies but also the sectoral funding sources related to blue economy, tourism and culture.

As for the context of the Pagasetic Gulf thoroughly presented in this article, the focus was on the creation of a network of cultural heritage sites (that is the opposite of a series of single, unconnected, and segregated heritage sites) located either on the coast or being underwater, to brand the area of West Pagasetic and reinforce cultural tourism development. This network approach not only draws more visitors but also strengthens the bonds between local communities and their cultural heritage, helping to reinforce cultural identity and promote social cohesion. This clustering of maritime heritage sites may also be implemented by the Region of Thessaly, using the tool of “integrated territorial investments”(ITI).

Lastly, the project initiated a Community of Practice (CoP) on how to incorporate MUCH in maritime spatial planning, expanding its scope to the Eastern Mediterranean. In the Mediterranean, there are many policy drivers for the implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) at regional, sub-regional and national levels. Since we are currently witnessing the active implementation of MSP in the Mediterranean through national Maritime Spatial Plans (MSPlans), along with other national initiatives, strategies, and sectoral plans, in both EU and non-EU countries. Therefore, many research and pilot projects are supporting this process, contributing data, tools, capacity-building, community development, best practices, and knowledge.

In light of the existing policy framework and the growing political commitment to collaborate on MSP, there is a shared interest in integrating Maritime/Underwater Cultural Heritage (MUCH) into MSP. To this end, under the HERSEA project, experts in the MUCH field—such as planners and maritime archaeologists—are being organized into a MUCH Community of Practice (CoP) within the Eastern Mediterranean. Initially focusing on Greece, the MED-MUCH-CoP will gradually extend its scope to the broader Eastern Mediterranean, while remaining open to experts and observers from the entire Mediterranean region. Priority will be given to Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) as a key contributor to the blue economy in the region.

To begin, an informal MED-UCH-CoP is being established, enabling the voluntary exchange of experiences and technical practices on UCH. This network will connect and highlight past, ongoing, and future projects and initiatives. The MED-UCH-CoP will serve as a platform for sharing knowledge and fostering exchanges among stakeholders. By providing an overview of best practices for UCH in Greece (Eastern Mediterranean), its integration into MSP, and its role in supporting the blue economy, the CoP will help ensure consistency in UCH definition and implementation. It will also strengthen cooperation among regions committed to promoting the conservation of MCH/UCH and its integration into MSP and the blue economy.