Submitted:
07 November 2024
Posted:
08 November 2024
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Abstract
Background: Effective and timely treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency in childhood is crucial because it can lead to serious issues, including delayed growth and neuromotor development. Available treatment options include oral, intramuscular, and sublingual administration.
Aim: This study investigated the efficacy of a new dosing protocol for sublingual methylcobalamin.
Materials and Methods: In total, 312 patients with vitamin B12 deficiency (serum level < 250 ng/L) were retrospectively enrolled between September 2022 and April 2023. The patients were divided into two groups based on their treatment type: intramuscular cyanocobalamin (Group 1) and sublingual methylcobalamin (Group 2). Group 1 included 29 (9.3%) patients and Group 2 included 283 (90.7%) patients, with 56 (18%) patients in Group 2 undergoing treatment for childhood cancer. The sublingual methylcobalamin protocol consisted of 1 puff (500 μg) daily for children under 8 years of age and 2 puffs (1000 μg) daily for those 8 years and older, administered for 1.5 months and then three times weekly for an additional 1.5 months. The efficacy of this protocol was compared to the standard intramuscular cyanocobalamin regimen.
Results: The mean ages in Groups 1 and 2 were 10.07 ± 6.05 years (range, 1–17 years) and 7.43 ± 5.86 years (range, 0.1–17 years), respectively. The female/male ratio was 19/10 in Group 1 and 145/138 in Group 2. The most common diagnoses were anaemia (72, 22.9%), cancer (56, 18.0%), and haemangioma (40, 12.7%). The median serum levels of vitamin B12 in Group 1 were 177 ng/L before treatment, 447 ng/L after 1.5 months, and 321.5 ng/L after 3 months. In Group 2, the levels were 172 ng/L before treatment, 438 ng/L after 1.5 months, and 360 ng/L after 3 months. There were no significant between-group differences. Both groups showed a statistically significant increase in levels above 300 ng/L. In Group 2, the haemoglobin and red blood cell levels showed statistically significant changes, while the mean corpuscular volume, white blood cell count, and platelet count did not substantially change in either group.
Conclusion: Sublingual methylcobalamin, a noninvasive treatment option, was as effective as intramuscular cyanocobalamin. This study is the first to compare the standard intramuscular protocol with a new dosing regimen for sublingual methylcobalamin. Sublingual methylcobalamin should be considered an effective alternative, particularly for patients with absorption issues that make oral vitamin B12 insufficient and for those in whom intramuscular administration carries a risk of muscle and sciatic nerve damage.
Keywords:
Sublingual methylcobalamin
; Vitamin B12 deficiency
; Childhood
Introduction
Vitamin B12 deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies globally, with a prevalence ranging from 1.5% to 15.0%. Its high prevalence is largely attributed to insufficient vitamin B12 intake, particularly in societies with lower socioeconomic status (1). Additional causes include vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrectomy, obesity surgery, certain medications (such as proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, and antacids), gastric bypass, ileal resection, and although rare, transcobalamin deficiency (2). Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to a range of symptoms, including weakness, loss of appetite, headache, dizziness, memory problems, irritability, fatigue, numbness in the hands and feet, depression, and learning difficulties (3,4). In neonates, it may be associated with feeding difficulties, neurodevelopmental delay, and hypotonia (3,5). If left untreated, these conditions can become permanent. Consequently, early treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency in childhood is critical, as is the management of iron deficiency resulting from irregular iron prophylaxis (6). Treatment options include intramuscular cyanocobalamin, which is an invasive method, and oral cyanocobalamin or sublingual methylcobalamin, which are noninvasive. Intramuscular cyanocobalamin is associated with several drawbacks, including pain at the injection site, bleeding, muscle damage, potential sciatic nerve injury, higher cost due to the need for healthcare professional administration, and hospitalisation requirements. Oral cyanocobalamin is less effective for patients with malabsorption issues (7). Sublingual methylcobalamin has recently gained importance in the management of vitamin B12 deficiency because of its ease of administration and rapid absorption into the systemic circulation.
In this study, we examined whether sublingual methylcobalamin treatment, a newer approach for childhood vitamin B12 deficiency, is as effective as intramuscular cyanocobalamin. In addition, we compared the efficacy of a new dosing regimen for sublingual methylcobalamin with the standard protocol for intramuscular cyanocobalamin.
Materials and Methods
This study involved 312 patients under 18 years of age with vitamin B12 deficiency, defined as a blood level < 250 ng/L (8), who were treated at the Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology at Antalya Training and Research Hospital between September 2022 and April 2023. The patients were divided into two groups based on treatment method: intramuscular cyanocobalamin (Group 1, n = 29) vs. sublingual methylcobalamin (Group 2, n = 283). Of the patients receiving sublingual methylcobalamin, 56 were undergoing treatment for childhood cancer. Age, sex, vitamin B12 treatment method, and haematological parameters—including haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelet count (Plt), white blood cell count (WBC), and serum vitamin B12 level—were evaluated before and after treatment through retrospective analysis.
Intramuscular cyanocobalamin treatment group (Group 1): Patients in Group 1 received intramuscular cyanocobalamin (Dodex® Injectable; DEVA Holding A.Ş., Istanbul, Turkey) according to a structured schedule: daily administration during the first week, every other day during the second week, twice a week during the third week, once weekly during the fourth week, and once a month for the following 3 months.
Sublingual methylcobalamin treatment group (Group 2): Children under 8 years of age were administered one puff (500 μg) of sublingual methylcobalamin, while those aged 8 years and older received two puffs (1000 μg). Methylcobalamin (Ligone Methyl B12®; RC Farma, Istanbul, Turkey) was given daily for the first 1.5 months, followed by administration 3 days a week for the next 1.5 months. Patients were instructed to hold the medication in their mouths for 1 min after spraying and then swallow; they were also instructed to avoid eating or drinking for 15 min afterward. These preparations are classified as food supplements.
- Ethics Statement
This study was conducted in accordance with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and was deemed ethically appropriate based on the decision numbered 9/2 by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of SBÜ Antalya Training and Research Hospital, dated 13 June 2024. Parental consent was obtained because of the inclusion of minors. Data were retrospectively collected from the patients’ medical records. Written informed consent was provided by the patients or their guardians for the use of their medical data in this retrospective study.
- Statistical Analysis
Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Normality was assessed with the Shapiro–Wilk test and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The Mann–Whitney U test was applied to compare non-normally distributed data between binary groups, while Friedman’s test was used to compare non-normally distributed data across three or more time points. Dunn’s test was applied for multiple comparisons. Yates correction was used to compare categorical variables between groups. Quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and median (minimum–maximum), and categorical data are presented as frequency (percentage). A significance level of p < 0.050 was applied.
Results
In total, 312 patients were included in the analysis. Their mean age was 7.68 ± 5.92 years. Group 1 (intramuscular cyanocobalamin) included 29 (9.3%) children, while Group 2 (sublingual methylcobalamin) included 283 (90.7%) children. The female/male ratio was 19/10 in Group 1 and 145/138 in Group 2 (p = 0.204). The mean age was 10.07 ± 6.05 years (range, 1–17 years) in Group 1 and 7.43 ± 5.86 years (range, 0.1–17 years) in Group 2 (p = 0.016). The most common diagnoses were anaemia (72, 22.9%), cancer (56, 18.0%), haemangioma (40, 12.7%), lymphadenopathy (33, 10.5%), neutropaenia (19, 6.0%), and immune thrombocytopaenic purpura, bleeding disorders, and leucopaenia (18, 5.7%). Less common diagnoses included hepatosplenomegaly, thalassemia minor, polycythaemia, leucocytosis, thrombocytopaenia, thrombocytosis, and thrombosis. All patients diagnosed with cancer were included in Group 2.
The efficacy of intramuscular cyanocobalamin (Group 1) and sublingual methylcobalamin (Group 2) was compared in children with vitamin B12 deficiency (Figure 1). No significant difference in vitamin B12 levels was observed between the groups before treatment (p values in table), at 1.5 months post-treatment, or at 3 months post-treatment. In addition, the serum levels of vitamin B12 significantly increased in all patients in both groups following treatment (Table 1).
In the comparison of the complete blood count parameters between the two groups (Table 2), an increase in the serum level of Hb was noted in Group 1 at each time point (before treatment, at 1.5 months post-treatment, and at 3 months post-treatment) with intramuscular cyanocobalamin, although this change was not statistically significant. In Group 2, however, a statistically significant increase in was observed over the same period with sublingual methylcobalamin treatment. Hb levels in Group 2 were lower 1.5 and 3 months after treatment. In Group 1, there was an increase in RBC values at each time point, while Group 2 showed a statistically significant decrease in RBC at all time points. The RBC in Group 2 was lower 1.5 months after treatment. No statistically significant differences were found in the MCV, Plt, or WBC between the two groups or over the treatment period (Table 2).
Discussion
Vitamin B12 deficiency, a public health issue affecting individuals of all ages, is particularly prevalent during periods of growth, such as infancy and adolescence, when the demand for vitamin B12 increases. In newborns, early-onset vitamin B12 deficiency is often linked to insufficient maternal vitamin B12 stores (9). Given that vitamin B12 plays a role in numerous physiological processes, its deficiency leads to ineffective erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, resulting in symptoms such as pallor, weakness, fatigue, irritability, forgetfulness, depression, cognitive decline, paresthesia, and ataxia. In infants, severe neurological effects can occur, including hypotonia, poor feeding, neurodevelopmental delay, and convulsions, secondary to impaired myelin production in the central nervous system (10). Prompt treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency is therefore essential.
Vitamin B12 is a structurally complex molecule, typically found in the diet as deoxyadenosylcobalamin or methylcobalamin and bound to dietary proteins. Upon oral ingestion, it enters the stomach, where the low pH environment and pepsin degrade these proteins, releasing cobalamin. The liberated cobalamin then binds with high affinity to the R protein present in saliva and gastric fluid. In the duodenum, pancreatic and bile secretions break down this complex, allowing intrinsic factor, produced by the stomach’s parietal cells and resistant to these enzymes, to bind with the freed cobalamin. Intrinsic factor protects cobalamin from bacterial degradation and facilitates its binding to intrinsic factor–cobalamin receptors on the microvilli of terminal ileum mucosal cells. Once absorbed, cobalamin binds to transcobalamin 2 in enterocytes, allowing it to enter the circulation. Cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin are stable forms, while deoxyadenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin are the active forms in tissues, with hydroxocobalamin being convertible to both active forms. Methylcobalamin predominates in plasma (60–80%), while deoxyadenosylcobalamin is more abundant in tissues (12). These active forms function as essential coenzymes, with cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin converted into methylcobalamin in the cytoplasm and deoxyadenosylcobalamin in the mitochondria (13). Given this mechanism, methylcobalamin, the active metabolite with the highest distribution in plasma, is believed to offer a more rapid and effective therapeutic response. Furthermore, sublingual administration of methylcobalamin, which allows rapid absorption into systemic circulation through sublingual vascular structures, accelerates its efficacy.
Recent studies have examined the efficacy of sublingual methylcobalamin. Kartal and Mutlu (1) applied a standard protocol of 1000 µg sublingual methylcobalamin daily for the first 7 days, followed by administration every other day for 3 weeks. B12 levels were measured before and after treatment. The levels increased from 147.5 ± 37.7 to 602.0 ± 156.1 ng/L in the intramuscular cyanocobalamin group, from 137.2 ± 36.5 to 483.4 ± 144.8 ng/L in the sublingual cyanocobalamin group, and from 146.7 ± 40.5 to 565.5 ± 108.1 ng/L in the sublingual methylcobalamin group.
We implemented a different dosing protocol: children under 8 years of age received one puff (500 μg) of sublingual methylcobalamin, while those 8 years or older received two puffs (1000 μg) daily for 1.5 months, followed by administration three times weekly for an additional 1.5 months. This regimen was compared to the standard intramuscular cyanocobalamin regimen. B12 levels before and after treatment in the intramuscular cyanocobalamin and sublingual methylcobalamin groups were as follows: the pre-treatment levels were 177 (34–257) vs. 172 (2.55–254) ng/L, the 1.5-month post-treatment levels were 447 (268–1039) vs. 438 (81–1526) ng/L, and the 3-month post-treatment levels were 321.5 (186–608) vs. 360 (74–1500) ng/L.
A recent study compared oral cyanocobalamin, sublingual methylcobalamin, and intramuscular cyanocobalamin treatments in children aged 0 to 3 years with vitamin B12 deficiency (14). The protocols included 1000 µg oral cyanocobalamin daily for the first week, then every other day for 2 weeks, twice weekly for 2 more weeks, and weekly for 3 months. A similar frequency and dosing schedule were used for the sublingual methylcobalamin group, while the intramuscular cyanocobalamin group received 100 μg intramuscularly at the same intervals. The mean pretreatment vitamin B12 levels in the oral cyanocobalamin, intramuscular cyanocobalamin, and sublingual methylcobalamin groups were 201.1 ± 63.2 ng/L, 176.1 ± 64.2 ng/L, and 187 ± 49.2 ng/L, respectively. The post-treatment levels were 449.2 ± 285.2 ng/L, 526.1 ± 284.1 ng/L, and 427.1 ± 172.1 ng/L. In our study, no significant differences in the Hb or Plt levels were observed among the treatment groups.
Finally, we found that, among haematological parameters, only the Hb values in the sublingual methylcobalamin group showed a significant increase with treatment, aligning with the findings from previous studies.
- Limitations
Because this was a retrospective study, one limitation was the inability to measure the patients’ methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels. In addition, we could not assess the duration and rate of improvement in clinical symptoms, such as developmental and neurocognitive changes, with treatment. A randomised controlled trial with a larger sample size is needed to address these limitations.
Conclusion
Sublingual methylcobalamin, a newer treatment option, proved as effective as oral and intravenous cyanocobalamin treatments. This study is the first to compare the efficacy of a new dosing regimen for sublingual methylcobalamin with the standard intramuscular cyanocobalamin protocol. The new protocol demonstrated effectiveness, with increased serum levels of vitamin B12 and improved haematological parameters. For optimal efficacy, patients should hold the sublingual spray in the mouth for 1 min before swallowing and avoid food intake for 15 min afterward. The ease of use of sublingual methylcobalamin is an advantage, particularly for patients with absorption issues that make oral vitamin B12 less effective and for those at risk for muscle and sciatic nerve damage from intramuscular injections.
Financial disclosure
The authors have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
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Figure 1.
Graphical changes in serum b12 levels between two groups during using intramuscular and sublingual treatment.
Figure 1.
Graphical changes in serum b12 levels between two groups during using intramuscular and sublingual treatment.
Table 1.
Comparison of vitamin B12 levels between groups during the treatment period.
| Vitamin B12 level (ng/L) | Group 1 (intramuscular) |
Group 2 (sublingual) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline value | 177 (34–257)a | 172 (2.55–254)a | 0.732x |
| After 1.5 months of treatment | 447 (268–1039)b | 438 (81–1526)b | 0.847x |
| After 3 months of treatment | 321.5 (186–608)c | 360 (74–1500)c | 0.136x |
| p | <0.001y | <0.001y |
xMann–Whitney U test, yFriedman test. a–c there is no difference between groups with the same letter.
Table 2.
Comparison of complete blood count parameters between groups.
| Group 1 (intramuscular) |
Group 2 (sublingual) |
p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hb, g/dL | Baseline value | 12.3 (5–17) | 11.7 (5.2–18.2)a | 0.083x |
| 1.5 months | 12.5 (9.6–17) | 11.8 (5.6–17.2) a | 0.038x | |
| 3 months | 12.7 (10–16.8) | 12 (5.9–17.8)b | 0.037x | |
| p* | 0.153 | <0.001 | ||
| RBC, ×106/mm3 | Baseline value | 4.7 (3.2–5.9) | 4.6 (1.2–78.6) a | 0.101x |
| 1.5 months | 4.8 (3.9–6.8) | 4.6 (1.8–9.7) a | 0.034x | |
| 3 months | 4.8 (4–5.7) | 4.5 (2.1–6.6) b | 0.489x | |
| p* | 0.442 | <0.001 | ||
| MCV, fL | Baseline value | 81.0 (52–87.5) | 79.7 (49.6–99) | 0.639x |
| 1.5 months | 79.4 (56–86.8) | 79.5 (54.1–99.6) | 0.716x | |
| 3 months | 80.4 (55.6–86) | 79 (55–97) | 0.747x | |
| p* | 0.820 | 0.597 | ||
| Plt, ×109/L | Baseline value | 331 (149–513) | 326 (2–1372) | 0.945x |
| 1.5 months | 323 (197–557) | 319 (13–1395) | 0.872x | |
| 3 months | 315 (189–391) | 311 (2–655) | 0.804x | |
| p* | 0.307 | 0.095 | ||
| WBC, ×109/L | Baseline value | 7.6 (3.5–27) | 7.9 (0.6–483) | 0.790x |
| 1.5 months | 7.9 (3.7–15) | 7.8 (0.1–25) | 0.755x | |
| 3 months | 7.3 (3.3–12) | 7.5 (0.1–22) | 0.999x | |
| p* | 0.849 | 0.930 | ||
xMann–Whitney U test, *Friedman test.a−b there is no difference between groups with the same letter. Hb, hemoglobin; RBC, red blood cell count; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; Plt, platelet count; WBC, white blood cell count.
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