PreprintArticleVersion 1Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
Long-Term and seasonal changes in Emission Sources of Atmospheric Particulate-Bound Pyrene and 1-Nitropyrene in Selected Four Cities in the Western Pacific
Hayakawa, K. Long-Term and Seasonal Changes in Emission Sources of Atmospheric Particulate-Bound Pyrene and 1-Nitropyrene in Four Selected Cities in the Western Pacific. Atmosphere2024, 15, 634.
Hayakawa, K. Long-Term and Seasonal Changes in Emission Sources of Atmospheric Particulate-Bound Pyrene and 1-Nitropyrene in Four Selected Cities in the Western Pacific. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 634.
Hayakawa, K. Long-Term and Seasonal Changes in Emission Sources of Atmospheric Particulate-Bound Pyrene and 1-Nitropyrene in Four Selected Cities in the Western Pacific. Atmosphere2024, 15, 634.
Hayakawa, K. Long-Term and Seasonal Changes in Emission Sources of Atmospheric Particulate-Bound Pyrene and 1-Nitropyrene in Four Selected Cities in the Western Pacific. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 634.
Abstract
The NP method was used to elucidate the contributions of vehicles and coal combustion to seasonal and long-term atmospheric PM-bound Pyr and 1-NP concentrations in Kanazawa, Kitakyushu, Shenyang, and Shanghai in the Western Pacific region from 1997 to 2021. Among the four cities, Kanazawa demonstrated the lowest Pyr concentration. The contribution of vehicles to Pyr before and after 2010 were 35% and 5%, respectively. The 1-NP concentration reduced by a factor of more than 1/10. These changes can be attributed to the emission control from vehicles. Kitakyushu revealed the second lowest Pyr and the lowest 1-NP concentrations. Coal combustion was found to be the main contributor to Pyr, while its contribution to 1-NP increased from 9% to 19%. The large contribution of coal combustion is attributed to iron manufactures. Shenyang demonstrated the highest atmospheric Pyr concentration with its largest seasonal change. Vehicles are the largest contributors to 1-NP. However, coal combustion, including winter coal heating, contributed 97% or more to Pyr and more than 14% to 1-NP. Shanghai revealed the second highest Pyr and 1-NP concentrations, but the former was substantially lower than in Shenyang. Coal combustion was the major contributor, but the contribution of vehicles to Pyr was larger before 2010 similar to Kanazawa.
Keywords
Western Pacific; vehicle; coal combustion; source contribution; pyrene; 1-nitropyrene
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Environmental Science
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
