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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
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Variables | N | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
1. Gender of the child Female Male |
1540 1605 |
48.97 51.03 |
2. Age group of children < 3 years 3-5 years ≥ 5 years |
414 1779 952 |
13.16 56.57 30.27 |
3. Child location Rural Urban |
2372 773 |
75.42 24.58 |
4. Time lived in Suburb/township Less than 6 months 6 to 12 months 1 to 2 years 3 years or longer Missing |
107 99 408 2450 81 |
3.40 (3.49) 3.14 (3.23) 12.9 (13.32) 77.90 (79.96) 2.57 |
5. Type of house the child lives ina Brick Mud Corrugated iron Combination Other Missing |
2547 116 255 93 81 53 |
80.98 (82.37) 3.68 (3.75) 8.10 (8.25) 2.95 (3.01) 2.57 (2.62) 1.68 |
6. Fuel used for cooking in the houseb Electricity Gas Paraffin Coal WoodOther Missing |
2476 100 19 254 292 2 2 |
78.72 (78.78) 3.17 (3.18) 0.60 (0.60) 8.07 (8.08) 9.28 (9.29) 0.06 (0.06) 0.06 |
7. Fuel used for heating in the housec Electricity Gas Paraffin Coal Wood Other Missing |
2008 198 27 484 380 19 29 |
63.84 (64.44) 6.29 (6.35) 0.85 (0.87) 15.38 (15.53) 12.08 (12.20) 0.60 (0.61) 0.92 |
8. Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 months Never At least once a year At least once per month Missing |
445 921 1683 96 |
14.14 (14.59) 29.28 (30.21) 53.51 (55.20) 3.05 |
9. How does the child get to schoold Walk Taxi/bus Motor car Combination Other Missing |
1666 848 525 57 23 26 |
52.97 (53.41) 26.96 (27.19) 16.69 (16.83) 1.81 (1.83) 0.73 (0.74) 0.82 |
10. How often has your child been absent from school (past 6 months) Never or occasionally Once or twice per week Three or more times a week Missing |
1854 904 256 131 |
58.95 (61.51) 42.14 (29.99) 8.13 (8.49) 4.1 |
11. Child Ever Breastfed No Yes Missing |
974 2125 46 |
30.96 (31.43) 67.46 (68.57) 1.46 |
12. Truck traffic pass through the street on weekend Never Seldom Frequent through the day Almost all day Missing |
518 735 713 1083 96 |
16.47 (16.99) 23.37 (24.11) 22.67(23.38) 34.43 (35.52) 3.0 |
13. Female parent: Highest level of school completed Primary Secondary University Other Missing |
246 1884 454 422 139 |
7.82 (8.18) 59.90 (62.67) 14.43 (15.10) 13.41 (14.04) 4.41 |
14. Female parent job industry Government sector Private sector Self-employed Not employed Missing |
351 580 308 1745 161 |
11.16 (11.76) 18.44 (19.44) 9.79(10.32) 55.48 (58.48) 5.11 |
15. Female parent ever asthma No Yes Missing |
2487 79 579 |
79.09 (96.92) 2.51 (3.08) 18.41 |
16.Cat inside the house No Yes Missing |
2885 223 37 |
91.17 (92.82) 7.09 (7.18) 1.17 |
17.Dog inside the house No Yes Missing |
2780 331 34 |
88.39 (89.36) 10.52 (10.64) 1.08 |
Variables | N | Percentages (%) |
---|---|---|
1. Female parent smokes Yes No Missing |
94 2934 117 |
2.98 (3.10) 93.29 (96.90) 3.72 |
2. Male parent smokes Yes No Missing |
451 1463 1231 |
14.34 (23.56) 46.51 (76.44) 39.14 |
3. How many people living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more Missing |
2051 832 262 |
65.21 (71.14) 26.45 (28.86) 8.33 |
4. Child exposure to smoking at home (past 30 days) Never One or more days* Missing |
1947 396 802 |
61.90 (83.10) 12.59 (16.90) 25.50 |
5. Child exposure to smoking at school (past 30 days) Never One or more days* Missing |
1444 40 1661 |
45.91 (97.30) 1.27 (2.70) 52.81 |
6. Child exposure to smoking in car/transport (past 30 days) Never One or more days* Missing |
1390 70 1685 |
44.19 (95.21) 2.25 (4.79) 53.57 |
7. Child exposure to smoking at the restaurant (past 30 days) Never One or more days* Missing |
1387 79 1678 |
44.10 (94.61) 2.51 (5.39) 53.35 |
8. Wheeze ever Yes No Missing |
467 2617 61 |
14.8 (15.14) 83.2 (84.86) 1.9 |
9. Current wheeze Yes No Missing |
292 2799 54 |
9.2 (9.45) 88.9 (90.55) 1.7 |
10. Current severe wheeze Yes No Missing |
40 3076 29 |
1.27 (1.28) 97.8 (98.72) 0.92 |
11. Ever had asthma Yes No Missing |
66 2810 269 |
2.09 (2.34) 89.34 (97.65) 8.55 |
12. Wheeze attack in the past 12 months Yes No Missing |
274 2815 56 |
8.71(8.87) 89.50 (91.13) 1.78 |
13. Sleep disturbed due to wheeze in the past 12 months Yes No Missing |
199 2888 58 |
6.32 (6.45) 91.82 (93.55) 1.82 |
14. Wheeze severe enough to limit speech in the past 12 months Yes No Missing |
59 3016 75 |
1.87 (1.92) 95.89 (98.08) 2.38 |
15. Asthma diagnosed by a medical Doctor or Nurse Yes No Missing |
54 2929 162 |
1.71 (1.81) 93.13 (98.19) 5.15 |
16. Chest ever sounded wheezy during/after playing Yes No Missing |
232 2398 515 |
7.37 (8.82) 76.24 (91.18) 16.37 |
17. Dry cough at night apart from cough associated with cold or chest infection Yes No Missing |
650 2229 266 |
20.66 (22.58) 70.87 (77.42) 8.45 |
Rural | Urban | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Totala | Prevalence (%) | Crude ORb | Adjusted ORb | Totala | Prevalence (%) | Crude ORb | Adjusted ORb | ||||
(95% CI) | P | (95% CI) | P | (95% CI) | P | (95% CI) | P | |||||
Wheeze everc Child ever breastfed No Yes |
736 1557 |
13.99 13.10 |
1 1.01 (0.82-1.26) |
0.869 | 1 1.27 (0.96-1.67) |
0.082 | 221 529 |
18.09 21.92 |
1 1.01 (0.82-1.26) |
0.869 | 1 1.27 (0.96-1.67) |
0.082 |
How often have you given your child medication (past 12 months)? Never At least once a year At least once per month |
351 611 1300 |
4.55 12.43 16 |
1 2.78 (1.75-4.41) 3.98 (2.56-6.17) |
0.000 0.000 |
1 2.24 (1.32-3.81) 2.83 (1.70-4.49) |
0.003 0.000 |
84 298 350 |
8.33 18.45 36.18 |
1 2.78 (1.75-4.41) 3.98 (2.56-6.17) |
0.000 0.000 |
1 2.24 (1.32-3.81) 2.83 (1.70-4.49) |
0.0030.000 |
People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
1500 618 |
11.4 17.15 |
1 1.46 (1.17-1.82) |
0.001 | 1 1.44 (1.11-1.86) |
0.006 | 511 199 |
20.15 23.11 |
1 1.46 (1.17-1.82) |
0.001 | 1 1.44 (1.11-1.86) |
0.006 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays Never Seldom Frequently Almost all day |
389 492 517 854 |
13.11 12.19 14.89 12.99 |
1 1.05 (0.76-1.46) 1.32 (0.95-1.81) 1.07 (0.78-1.45) |
0.76 0.08 0.65 |
1 1.10 (0.73-1.64) 1.40 (0.94-2.07) 1.10 (0.75-1.63) |
0.636 0.092 0.601 |
120 237 187 199 |
15.83 21.09 25.13 19.59 |
1 1.05 (0.76-1.46)1.32 (0.95-1.81)1.07 (0.78-1.45) |
0.76 0.08 0.65 |
1 1.10 (0.73-1.64) 1.40 (0.94-2.07) 1.10 (0.75-1.63) |
0.6360.0920.601 |
Cat inside the house (past 12 months) No Yes |
2143 156 |
13.06 16.02 |
1 1.54 (1.09-2.17) |
0.012 | 1 1.39 (0.90-2.15) |
0.136 | 687 64 |
19.65 34.37 |
1 1.54 (1.09-2.17) |
0.012 | 1 1.39 (0.90-2.15) |
0.136 |
Female parent level of school completion Primary Secondary University Other |
222 1523 212 286 |
18.01 11.81 16.50 15.73 |
1 0.59 (0.41-0.84) 1.03 (0.68-1.55) 0.82 (0.54-1.24) |
0.004 0.871 0.354 |
1 0.76 (0.46-1.25) 1.64 (0.97-2.80) 0.99 (0.59-1.73) |
0.284 0.064 0.982 |
19 323 237 127 |
23.31 16.09 28.27 21.25 |
1 0.59 (0.41-0.84)1.03 (0.68-1.55)0.82 (0.54-1.24) |
0.004 0.871 0.354 |
1 0.76 (0.46-1.25) 1.64 (0.97-2.80) 0.99 (0.59-1.73) |
0.284 0.064 0.982 |
Female parent ever had Asthma No Yes |
1852 43 |
12.41 25.58 |
1 3.65 (2.28-5.85) |
0.000 | 1 3.25 (1.97-5.35) |
0.000 | 599 36 |
18.19 55.55 |
1 3.65 (2.28-5.85) |
0.000 | 1 3.25 (1.97-5.35) |
0.000 |
Current wheezed Female parent ever had Asthma No Yes |
1853 43 |
8.04 23.25 |
1 3.82 (2.26-6.45) |
0.000 | 1 5.59 (2.77-11.26) |
0.000 | 600 36 |
9.33 30.55 |
1 3.82 (2.26-6.45) |
0.000 | 1 5.59 (2.77-11.26) |
0.000 |
Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 months Never At least once a year At least once per month |
354 609 1307 |
1.97 7.38 11.40 |
1 3.85 (1.82-8.12) 7.94 (3.89-16.22) |
0.000 0.000 |
1 3.41 (1.17-9.95) 4.74 (1.68-13.40) |
0.024 0.003 |
86 297 349 |
1.16 6.06 18.33 |
1 3.85 (1.82-8.12) 7.94 (3.89-16.22 |
0.000 0.000 |
1 3.41 (1.17-9.95) 4.74 (1.68-13.40) |
0.024 0.003 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays Never Seldom Frequently Almost all day |
388 489 516 865 |
8.76 8.58 10.07 8.43 |
1 0.99 (0.66-1.48) 1.40 (0.95-2.06) 1.02 (0.70-1.48) |
0.978 0.084 0.905 |
1 1.04 (0.55-1.94) 1.13 (0.60-2.11) 0.86 (0.45-1.64) |
0.902 0.695 0.653 |
120 238 186 199 |
8.33 9.24 16.66 10.05 |
1 0.99 (0.66-1.48) 1.40 (0.95-2.06) 1.02 (0.70-1.48) |
0.978 0.084 0.905 |
1 1.04 (0.55-1.94) 1.13 (0.60-2.11) 0.86 (0.45-1.64) |
0.902 0.695 0.653 |
Female parent job industry Government sector Private sector Self-employed Not employed |
183 371 199 1476 |
11.47 7.27 9.04 9.01 |
1 0.62 (0.40-0.96) 0.76 (0.46-1.25) 0.73 (0.50-1.06) |
0.034 0.292 0.103 |
1 0.72 (0.38-1.36) 0.85 (0.42-1.71) 0.50 (0.28-0.87) |
0.317 0.660 0.016 |
164 196 102 245 |
14.63 10.20 11.76 10.20 |
1 0.62 (0.40-0.96) 0.76 (0.46-1.25) 0.73 (0.50-1.06) |
0.034 0.292 0.103 |
1 0.72 (0.38-1.36) 0.85 (0.42-1.71) 0.50 (0.28-0.87) |
0.317 0.660 0.016 |
Dog inside the house (past 12 months) No Yes |
2103 205 |
8.13 15.60 |
1 1.74 (1.24-2.44) |
0.001 | 1 1.27 (0.70-2.32) |
0.419 | 639 115 |
10.79 13.04 |
1 1.74 (1.24-2.44) |
0.001 | 1 1.27 (0.70-2.32) |
0.419 |
Female parent smoke No Yes |
2186 76 |
8.26 26.31 |
1 3.19 (1.94-5.24) |
0.000 | 1 0.65 (0.20-2.12) |
0.488 | 698 17 |
11.31 11.76 |
1 3.19 (1.94-5.24) |
0.000 | 1 0.65 (0.20-2.12) |
0.488 |
People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
1497 626 |
7.34 12.93 |
1 1.77 (1.36-2.30) |
0.000 | 1 2.09 (1.38-3.16) |
0.000 | 511 198 |
9.39 14.14 |
1 1.77 (1.36-2.30) |
0.000 | 1 2.09 (1.38-3.16) |
0.000 |
Child exposure to smoking at the restaurant (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
984 53 |
8.23 11.32 |
1 2.35 (1.29-4.26) |
0.005 | 1 2.27 (1.17-4.38) |
0.014 | 381 24 |
11.81 37.5 |
1 2.35 (1.29-4.26) |
0.005 | 1 2.27 (1.17-4.38) |
0.014 |
Child ever breastfed No Yes |
738 1561 |
8.40 9.22 |
1 1.14 (0.87-1.49) |
0.312 | 1 1.40 (0.88-2.23) |
0.154 | 221 529 |
9.50 11.72 |
1 1.14 (0.87-1.49) |
0.312 | 1 1.40 (0.88-2.23) |
0.154 |
Current severe wheezee Female parent ever had Asthma No Yes |
1866 43 |
0.96 0.0 |
1 2.34 (0.53-10-19) |
0.256 | 1 2.40 (0.19-29.90) |
0.494 | 603 36 |
1.16 5.55 |
1 2.34 (0.53-10-19) |
0.256 | 1 2.40 (0.19-29.90) |
0.494 |
Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 months Never At least once a year At least once per month |
355 617 1315 |
0.28 1.45 1.36 |
1 4.8 (0.61-37.98) 6.95 (0.94-51.42) |
0.134 0.057 |
1 1.43 (0.33-6.09) - |
0.624 | 85 300 351 |
0.0 0.33 0.02 |
1 4.8 (0.61-37.98) 6.95 (0.94-51.42) |
0.134 0.057 |
1 1.43 (0.33-6.09) - |
0.624 |
Dry cough at night apart from cough associated with cold or chest infection No Yes |
1664 492 |
0.30 4.06 |
1 16.75 (6.90-40.64) |
0.000 | 1 53.19 (7.64-370.0) |
0.000 | 564 156 |
0.17 5.12 |
1 16.75 (6.90-40.64) |
0.000 | 1 53.19 (7.64-370.0) |
0.000 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays Never Seldom Frequently Almost all day |
392 493 522 869 |
1.53 1.01 0.57 1.72 |
1 0.59 (0.19-1.77) 0.82 (0.29-2.28) 1.24 (0.51-3.00) |
0.348 0.707 0.626 |
1 0.04 (0.00-0.57) 1.19 (0.20-7.09) 0.32 (0.05-1.84) |
0.018 0.847 0.204 |
121 238 187 201 |
0.82 0.42 2.67 1.49 |
1 0.59 (0.19-1.77) 0.82 (0.29-2.28) 1.24 (0.51-3.00) |
0.348 0.707 0.626 |
1 0.04 (0.00-0.57) 1.19 (0.20-7.09) 0.32 (0.05-1.84) |
0.018 0.847 0.204 |
Male parent job industry Government sector Private sector Self-employed Not employed |
153 505 189 473 |
0.65 1.18 1.05 2.11 |
1 1.96 (0.43-8.95) 1.56 (0.25-9.51) 2.66 (0.56-12.64) |
0.381 0.625 0.217 |
1 3.07 (0.40-23-15) 1.84 (0.17-19.07) 0.23 (0.14-4.01) |
0.276 0.606 0.319 |
126 282 80 61 |
0.79 1.77 1.25 0.0 |
1 1.96 (0.43-8.95) 1.56 (0.25-9.51) 2.66 (0.56-12.64) |
0.381 0.625 0.217 |
1 3.07 (0.40-23-15) 1.84 (0.17-19.07) 0.23 (0.14-4.01) |
0.276 0.606 0.319 |
Dog inside the house (past 12 months) No Yes |
2119 209 |
1.13 2.39 |
1 2.60 (1.21-5.55) |
0.014 | 1 2.62 (0.38-18.03) |
0.326 | 642 116 |
0.93 3.44 |
1 2.60 (1.21-5.55) |
0.014 | 1 2.62 (0.38-18.03) |
0.326 |
Male parent smoke NoYes |
1017 321 |
0.98 2.49 |
1 2.57 (1.15-5.70) |
0.020 | 1 1.52 (0.28-8.11) |
0.624 | 431 128 |
0.92 2.34 |
1 2.57 (1.15-5.70) |
0.020 | 1 1.52 (0.28-8.11) |
0.624 |
People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
1515 628 |
0.99 2.22 |
1 2.23 (1.17-4.24) |
0.014 | 1 2.58 (0.55-11.95) |
0.225 | 513 199 |
0.97 2.01 |
1 2.23 (1.17-4.24) |
0.014 | 1 2.58 (0.55-11.95) |
0.225 |
Child exposure to smoking at the restaurant (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
994 54 |
1.20 3.70 |
1 2.67 (0.77-9.21) |
0.119 | 1 1.54 (0.10-21.38) |
0.748 | 383 24 |
2.08 4.16 |
1 2.67 (0.77-9.21) |
0.119 | 1 1.54 (0.10-21.38) |
0.748 |
Child exposure to smoking at the car (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
990 47 |
1.11 6.38 |
1 3.03 (0.87-10.50) |
0.079 | 1 9.44 (0.86-102.93) |
0.065 | 390 22 |
2.30 0.00 |
1 3.03 (0.87-10.50) |
0.079 | 1 9.44 (0.86-102.93) |
0.065 |
Child exposure to smoking at the home (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
1406 295 |
1.20 1.69 |
1 1.13 (0.46-2.77) |
0.783 | 1 0.33 (0.04-2.65) |
0.302 | 523 100 |
1.72 1.00 |
1 1.13 (0.46-2.77) |
0.783 | 1 0.33 (0.04-2.65) |
0.302 |
Child exposure to smoking at the school (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
1045 30 |
1.24 3.333 |
1 1.82 (0.23-13.95) |
0.562 | 1 0.13 (0.00-6.36) |
0.311 | 389 10 |
1.79 0.00 |
1 1.82 (0.23-13.95) |
0.562 | 1 0.13 (0.00-6.36) |
0.311 |
Child ever breastfed No Yes |
742 1575 |
1.21 1.33 |
1 1.20 (0.60-2.42) |
0.596 | 1 2.11 (0.35-12.251) |
0.408 | 221 533 |
0.90 1.50 |
1 1.20 (0.60-2.42) |
0.596 | 1 2.11 (0.35-12.251) |
0.408 |
How does the child get to schoolg Walk Taxi/bus Motor car Combination Other |
1527 554 201 39 14 |
1.50 0.72 1.49 0.00 0.00 |
1 0.62 (0.27-1.45) 0.84 (0.32-2.23) 1.16 (0.15-8.87) - |
0.276 0.738 0.883 |
1 0.46 (0.08-2.50) 0.31(0.05-1.87) 27.48 (1.47-511.9) |
0.375 0.203 0.026 |
126 283 320 18 9 |
0.79 1.41 1.25 5.55 0.00 |
1 0.62 (0.27-1.45) 0.84 (0.32-2.23) 1.16 (0.15-8.87) - |
0.276 0.738 0.883 |
1 0.46 (0.08-2.50) 0.31(0.05-1.87) 27.48 (1.47-511.9) |
0.375 0.203 0.026 |
Asthma everf People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
1364 558 |
1.31 2.32 |
1 175 (1.03-2.98) |
0.036 | 1 2.49 (1.12-5.54) |
0.024 | 479 184 |
3.54 5.97 |
1 175 (1.03-2.98) |
0.036 | 1 2.49 (1.12-5.54) |
0.024 |
Child exposure to smoking at the car (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
915 45 |
1.85 0.00 |
1 0.56 (0.07-4.21) |
0.577 | 1 0.58 (0.07-4.53) |
0.605 | 371 21 |
4.31 4.76 |
1 0.56 (0.07-4.21) |
0.577 | 1 0.58 (0.07-4.53) |
0.605 |
Child ever breastfed No Yes |
683 1393 |
1.75 1.86 |
1 1.22 (0.70-2.12) |
0.465 | 1 1.13 (0.48-2.68) |
0.769 | 212 485 |
2.83 4.32 |
1 1.22 (0.70-2.12) |
0.465 | 1 1.13 (0.48-2.68) |
0.769 |
Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 monthsNever At least once a year At least once per month |
314 557 1176 |
0.31 1.97 0.22 |
1 3.14 (0.71-13.85) 6.14 (1.48-25.42) |
0.130 0.012 |
1 1.35 (0.14-12.40) 4.03 (0.53-30.7) |
0.788 0.178 |
76 277 328 |
1.31 1.44 6.40 |
1 3.14 (0.71-13.85) 6.14 (1.48-25.42) |
0.130 0.012 |
1 1.35 (0.14-12.40) 4.03 (0.53-30.7) |
0.788 0.178 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays Never Seldom Frequently Almost all day |
351 452 480 755 |
2.56 1.32 2.29 1.58 |
1 0.49 (0.22-1.07) 0.86 (0.43-1.72) 0.63 (0.32-1.26) |
0.075 0.680 0.201 |
1 0.63 (0.18-2.15) 1.05 (0.34-3.24) 0.55 (0.163-1.89) |
0.464 0.921 0.350 |
110 222 175 184 |
5.45 2.70 4.57 3.80 |
1 0.49 (0.22-1.07) 0.86 (0.43-1.72) 0.63 (0.32-1.26) |
0.075 0.680 0.201 |
1 0.63 (0.18-2.15) 1.05 (0.34-3.24) 0.55 (0.163-1.89) |
0.464 0.921 0.350 |
Cat inside the house (past 12 months) No Yes |
1937 145 |
1.70 3.44 |
1 2.7 (1.44-5.25) |
0.002 | 1 1.44 (0.38-5.34) |
0.584 | 636 62 |
3.30 11.29 |
1 2.7 (1.44-5.25) |
0.002 | 1 1.44 (0.38-5.34) |
0.584 |
Female parent level of school completion Primary Secondary University Other |
171 338 178 1321 |
3.50 1.47 2.24 1.66 |
1 0.54 (0.24-1.23) 1.03 (0.45-2.36) 0.54 (0.27-1.09) |
0.146 0.930 0.090 |
1 1.06 (0.22-5.04) 1.16 (0.21-6.47) 1.48 (0.27-7.96) |
0.936 0.858 0.647 |
149 185 101 224 |
4.69 3.24 6.93 2.67 |
1 0.54 (0.24-1.23) 1.03 (0.45-2.36) 0.54 (0.27-1.09) |
0.146 0.930 0.090 |
1 1.06 (0.22-5.04) 1.16 (0.21-6.47) 1.48 (0.27-7.96) |
0.936 0.858 0.647 |
Female parent ever had Asthma No Yes |
1730 39 |
1.56 15.3 |
1 7.63 (3.72-15.66) |
0.000 | 1 4.05 (1.25-13.15) |
0.020 | 560 35 |
3.21 14.28 |
1 7.63 (3.72-15.66) |
0.000 | 1 4.05 (1.25-13.15) |
0.020 |
Variable | Totala | Prevalence (%) | Crude ORb | Adjusted ORb,c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(95% CI) | P | (95% CI) | P | |||
People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
2011 817 |
13.60 18.60 |
1 1.44 (1.16-1.40) |
0.001 | 1.37 (1.08-1.74) | 0.009 |
Female parent smoke No Yes |
2878 92 |
14.62 34.78 |
1 3.11 (2.00-4.83) |
0.000 | 1 2.58 (1.57-4.23) |
0.000 |
Sex of child Female Male |
1512 1572 |
13.49 16.73 |
1 1.28 (1.05-1.57) |
0.012 | 1 1.35 (1.08-1.70) |
0.008 |
Child ever breastfed No Yes |
957 2086 |
15.10 15.34 |
1 1.03 (0.83-1.27) |
0.777 | 1 1.10 (0.86-1.40) |
0.436 |
Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 months Never At least once a year At least once per month |
435 909 1650 |
5.28 14.41 18.24 |
1 3.01 (1.90-4.77)3.99 (2.57-6.19) |
0.000 0.000 |
1 2.29 (1.41-3.71) 3.04 (1.92-4.81) |
0.001 0.000 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays NeverSeldom Frequently Almost all day |
509 729 704 1053 |
13.75 15.08 17.61 14.24 |
1 1.11 (0.80-1.54) 1.34 (0.97-1.84) 1.04 (0.76-1.41) |
0.512 0.071 0.793 |
1 1.00 (0.69-1.45) 1.22 (0.85-1.75) 1.00 (0.71-1.42) |
0.966 0.270 0.960 |
Cat in the house (past 12 months) No Yes |
2830 220 |
17.18 21.36 |
1 1.58 (1.12-2.21) |
0.008 | 1 1.83 (0.65-5.12) |
0.246 |
Female parent level of school completion Secondary University Other Primary |
1846 449 413 241 |
12.56 22.71 17.43 18.67 |
1 2.04 (1.57-2.65) 1.46 (1.10-1.96) 1.59 (1.12-2.27) |
0.000 0.009 0.009 |
1.84 (1.36-2.49) 1.30 (0.94-1.80) 1.39 (0.90-2.16) |
0.000 0.106 0.129 |
How does the child get to schoolg Walk Taxi/bus Motor car Combination Other |
1633 828 518 57 23 |
13.16 15.57 21.62 12.28 4.34 |
1 1.21 (0.96-1.54) 1.81 (1.41-2.34) 0.92 (0.41-2.06) 0.29 (0.04-2.23) |
0.103 0.000 0.846 0.240 |
1 1.31 (1.00 -1.71) 1.74 (1.27-2.38) 1.07 (0.46-2.49) 0.32 (0.04-2.48) |
0.048 0.000 0.863 0.279 |
Variables | Totala | Prevalence (%) | Crude ORb | Adjusted ORb,c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(95% CI) | P | (95% CI) | P | |||
Female parent ever asthma No Yes |
2453 79 |
8.35 26.58 |
1 3.97 (2.36-6.67) |
0.000 | 1 5.59 (2.77-11.26) |
0.000 |
Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 months Never At least once a year At least once per month |
440 906 1656 |
1.81 6.95 12.86 |
1 4.03 (1.91-8.49) 7.97 (3.90-16.27) |
0.000 0.000 |
1 3.41 (1.17-9.95) 4.74 (1.68-13.40) |
0.024 0.003 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays Never Seldom Frequently Almost all day |
508 727 702 1064 |
8.66 8.80 11.82 8.74 |
1 1.01 (0.68-1.52) 1.41 (0.96-2.07) 1.01 (0.69-1.47) |
0.931 0.078 0.958 |
1 1.04 (0.55-1.94) 1.13 (0.60-2.22) 0.86 (0.45-1.64) |
0.902 0.695 0.653 |
Female parent job industry Private sector Government sector Self-employed Not employed |
567 347 301 1721 |
8.28 12.96 9.96 9.18 |
1 1.64 (1.06-2.54) 1.22 (0.75-1.98) 1.11 (0.79-1.57) |
0.024 0.409 0.519 |
1 1.38 (0.73-2.60) 1.18 (0.73-2.32) 0.69 (0.41-1.17) |
0.317 0.629 0.177 |
Dog in the house (past 12 months) No Yes |
2742 320 |
8.75 14.68 |
1 1.79 (1.28-2.51) |
0.001 | 1 1.27 (0.70-2.32) |
0.419 |
Female parent smoke No Yes |
2884 93 |
9.01 23.65 |
1 3.12 (1.90-5.12) |
0.000 | 1 0.65 (0.20-2.15) |
0.488 |
People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
2008 823 |
7.86 13.12 |
1 1.78 (1.36-2.29) |
0.000 | 1 2.09 (1.38-3.16) |
0.000 |
Child exposure to smoking at the car (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
1368 69 |
9.50 11.59 |
1 2.37 (1.31-4.30) |
0.004 | 1 2.27 (1.17-4.38) |
0.014 |
Child ever breastfed No Yes |
959 2090 |
8.65 8.65 |
1 1.15 (0.88-1.50) |
0.293 | 1.40 (0.88-2.23) | 0.154 |
Variable | Totala | Prevalence (%) | Crude ORb | Adjusted ORb,c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(95% CI) | P | (95% CI) | P | |||
People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
2028 827 |
0.98 2.17 |
1 2.23 (1.17-4.24) |
0.014 | 1 2.46 (1.25-4.85) |
0.009 |
Sex of child Female Male |
1524 1592 |
0.78 1.75 |
1 2.25 (1.14-4.45) |
0.019 | 1 2.30 (1.09-4.84) |
0.027 |
Child plays with dogs/cats No Yes |
2535 556 |
1.18 1.61 |
1 1.27 (0.64-2.91) |
0.407 | 1 0.95 (0.41-2.22) |
0.919 |
Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 months Never At least once a year At least once per month |
440 917 1666 |
0.22 1.09 1.56 |
1 4.84 (0.61-37.92) 6.95 (0.94-51-42) |
0.133 0.057 |
1 4.34 (0.54-34.68) 6.14 (0.82-45-75) |
0.166 0.077 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays Never Seldom Frequently Almost all day |
513 731 709 1070 |
1.36 0.82 1.12 1.68 |
1 0.59 (0.19-1.79) 0.83 (0.29-2.28) 1.23 (0.51-2.98) |
0.358 0.712 0.636 |
1 0.46 (0.14-1.48) 0.65 (0.23-1.85) 0.89 (0.35-2.23) |
0.196 0.428 0.808 |
Child ever breastfed No Yes |
964 2108 |
1.14 1.37 |
1 1.20 (0.60-2.42) |
0.595 | 1 1.16 (0.55-2.45) |
0.690 |
Female parent job industry Private sector Government sector Self-employed Not employed |
571 349 303 1736 |
0.87 2.29 1.98 1.15 |
1 2.65 (0.86-8.18) 2.28 (0.69-7.55) 1.31 (0.49-3.53) |
0.089 0.175 0.581 |
1 2.20 (0.68-7.08) 2.23 (0.66-7.47) 1.09 (0.39-3.00) |
0.185 0.192 0.859 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Submitted:
28 February 2024
Posted:
06 March 2024
You are already at the latest version
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
28 February 2024
Posted:
06 March 2024
You are already at the latest version
Variables | N | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
1. Gender of the child Female Male |
1540 1605 |
48.97 51.03 |
2. Age group of children < 3 years 3-5 years ≥ 5 years |
414 1779 952 |
13.16 56.57 30.27 |
3. Child location Rural Urban |
2372 773 |
75.42 24.58 |
4. Time lived in Suburb/township Less than 6 months 6 to 12 months 1 to 2 years 3 years or longer Missing |
107 99 408 2450 81 |
3.40 (3.49) 3.14 (3.23) 12.9 (13.32) 77.90 (79.96) 2.57 |
5. Type of house the child lives ina Brick Mud Corrugated iron Combination Other Missing |
2547 116 255 93 81 53 |
80.98 (82.37) 3.68 (3.75) 8.10 (8.25) 2.95 (3.01) 2.57 (2.62) 1.68 |
6. Fuel used for cooking in the houseb Electricity Gas Paraffin Coal WoodOther Missing |
2476 100 19 254 292 2 2 |
78.72 (78.78) 3.17 (3.18) 0.60 (0.60) 8.07 (8.08) 9.28 (9.29) 0.06 (0.06) 0.06 |
7. Fuel used for heating in the housec Electricity Gas Paraffin Coal Wood Other Missing |
2008 198 27 484 380 19 29 |
63.84 (64.44) 6.29 (6.35) 0.85 (0.87) 15.38 (15.53) 12.08 (12.20) 0.60 (0.61) 0.92 |
8. Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 months Never At least once a year At least once per month Missing |
445 921 1683 96 |
14.14 (14.59) 29.28 (30.21) 53.51 (55.20) 3.05 |
9. How does the child get to schoold Walk Taxi/bus Motor car Combination Other Missing |
1666 848 525 57 23 26 |
52.97 (53.41) 26.96 (27.19) 16.69 (16.83) 1.81 (1.83) 0.73 (0.74) 0.82 |
10. How often has your child been absent from school (past 6 months) Never or occasionally Once or twice per week Three or more times a week Missing |
1854 904 256 131 |
58.95 (61.51) 42.14 (29.99) 8.13 (8.49) 4.1 |
11. Child Ever Breastfed No Yes Missing |
974 2125 46 |
30.96 (31.43) 67.46 (68.57) 1.46 |
12. Truck traffic pass through the street on weekend Never Seldom Frequent through the day Almost all day Missing |
518 735 713 1083 96 |
16.47 (16.99) 23.37 (24.11) 22.67(23.38) 34.43 (35.52) 3.0 |
13. Female parent: Highest level of school completed Primary Secondary University Other Missing |
246 1884 454 422 139 |
7.82 (8.18) 59.90 (62.67) 14.43 (15.10) 13.41 (14.04) 4.41 |
14. Female parent job industry Government sector Private sector Self-employed Not employed Missing |
351 580 308 1745 161 |
11.16 (11.76) 18.44 (19.44) 9.79(10.32) 55.48 (58.48) 5.11 |
15. Female parent ever asthma No Yes Missing |
2487 79 579 |
79.09 (96.92) 2.51 (3.08) 18.41 |
16.Cat inside the house No Yes Missing |
2885 223 37 |
91.17 (92.82) 7.09 (7.18) 1.17 |
17.Dog inside the house No Yes Missing |
2780 331 34 |
88.39 (89.36) 10.52 (10.64) 1.08 |
Variables | N | Percentages (%) |
---|---|---|
1. Female parent smokes Yes No Missing |
94 2934 117 |
2.98 (3.10) 93.29 (96.90) 3.72 |
2. Male parent smokes Yes No Missing |
451 1463 1231 |
14.34 (23.56) 46.51 (76.44) 39.14 |
3. How many people living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more Missing |
2051 832 262 |
65.21 (71.14) 26.45 (28.86) 8.33 |
4. Child exposure to smoking at home (past 30 days) Never One or more days* Missing |
1947 396 802 |
61.90 (83.10) 12.59 (16.90) 25.50 |
5. Child exposure to smoking at school (past 30 days) Never One or more days* Missing |
1444 40 1661 |
45.91 (97.30) 1.27 (2.70) 52.81 |
6. Child exposure to smoking in car/transport (past 30 days) Never One or more days* Missing |
1390 70 1685 |
44.19 (95.21) 2.25 (4.79) 53.57 |
7. Child exposure to smoking at the restaurant (past 30 days) Never One or more days* Missing |
1387 79 1678 |
44.10 (94.61) 2.51 (5.39) 53.35 |
8. Wheeze ever Yes No Missing |
467 2617 61 |
14.8 (15.14) 83.2 (84.86) 1.9 |
9. Current wheeze Yes No Missing |
292 2799 54 |
9.2 (9.45) 88.9 (90.55) 1.7 |
10. Current severe wheeze Yes No Missing |
40 3076 29 |
1.27 (1.28) 97.8 (98.72) 0.92 |
11. Ever had asthma Yes No Missing |
66 2810 269 |
2.09 (2.34) 89.34 (97.65) 8.55 |
12. Wheeze attack in the past 12 months Yes No Missing |
274 2815 56 |
8.71(8.87) 89.50 (91.13) 1.78 |
13. Sleep disturbed due to wheeze in the past 12 months Yes No Missing |
199 2888 58 |
6.32 (6.45) 91.82 (93.55) 1.82 |
14. Wheeze severe enough to limit speech in the past 12 months Yes No Missing |
59 3016 75 |
1.87 (1.92) 95.89 (98.08) 2.38 |
15. Asthma diagnosed by a medical Doctor or Nurse Yes No Missing |
54 2929 162 |
1.71 (1.81) 93.13 (98.19) 5.15 |
16. Chest ever sounded wheezy during/after playing Yes No Missing |
232 2398 515 |
7.37 (8.82) 76.24 (91.18) 16.37 |
17. Dry cough at night apart from cough associated with cold or chest infection Yes No Missing |
650 2229 266 |
20.66 (22.58) 70.87 (77.42) 8.45 |
Rural | Urban | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Totala | Prevalence (%) | Crude ORb | Adjusted ORb | Totala | Prevalence (%) | Crude ORb | Adjusted ORb | ||||
(95% CI) | P | (95% CI) | P | (95% CI) | P | (95% CI) | P | |||||
Wheeze everc Child ever breastfed No Yes |
736 1557 |
13.99 13.10 |
1 1.01 (0.82-1.26) |
0.869 | 1 1.27 (0.96-1.67) |
0.082 | 221 529 |
18.09 21.92 |
1 1.01 (0.82-1.26) |
0.869 | 1 1.27 (0.96-1.67) |
0.082 |
How often have you given your child medication (past 12 months)? Never At least once a year At least once per month |
351 611 1300 |
4.55 12.43 16 |
1 2.78 (1.75-4.41) 3.98 (2.56-6.17) |
0.000 0.000 |
1 2.24 (1.32-3.81) 2.83 (1.70-4.49) |
0.003 0.000 |
84 298 350 |
8.33 18.45 36.18 |
1 2.78 (1.75-4.41) 3.98 (2.56-6.17) |
0.000 0.000 |
1 2.24 (1.32-3.81) 2.83 (1.70-4.49) |
0.0030.000 |
People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
1500 618 |
11.4 17.15 |
1 1.46 (1.17-1.82) |
0.001 | 1 1.44 (1.11-1.86) |
0.006 | 511 199 |
20.15 23.11 |
1 1.46 (1.17-1.82) |
0.001 | 1 1.44 (1.11-1.86) |
0.006 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays Never Seldom Frequently Almost all day |
389 492 517 854 |
13.11 12.19 14.89 12.99 |
1 1.05 (0.76-1.46) 1.32 (0.95-1.81) 1.07 (0.78-1.45) |
0.76 0.08 0.65 |
1 1.10 (0.73-1.64) 1.40 (0.94-2.07) 1.10 (0.75-1.63) |
0.636 0.092 0.601 |
120 237 187 199 |
15.83 21.09 25.13 19.59 |
1 1.05 (0.76-1.46)1.32 (0.95-1.81)1.07 (0.78-1.45) |
0.76 0.08 0.65 |
1 1.10 (0.73-1.64) 1.40 (0.94-2.07) 1.10 (0.75-1.63) |
0.6360.0920.601 |
Cat inside the house (past 12 months) No Yes |
2143 156 |
13.06 16.02 |
1 1.54 (1.09-2.17) |
0.012 | 1 1.39 (0.90-2.15) |
0.136 | 687 64 |
19.65 34.37 |
1 1.54 (1.09-2.17) |
0.012 | 1 1.39 (0.90-2.15) |
0.136 |
Female parent level of school completion Primary Secondary University Other |
222 1523 212 286 |
18.01 11.81 16.50 15.73 |
1 0.59 (0.41-0.84) 1.03 (0.68-1.55) 0.82 (0.54-1.24) |
0.004 0.871 0.354 |
1 0.76 (0.46-1.25) 1.64 (0.97-2.80) 0.99 (0.59-1.73) |
0.284 0.064 0.982 |
19 323 237 127 |
23.31 16.09 28.27 21.25 |
1 0.59 (0.41-0.84)1.03 (0.68-1.55)0.82 (0.54-1.24) |
0.004 0.871 0.354 |
1 0.76 (0.46-1.25) 1.64 (0.97-2.80) 0.99 (0.59-1.73) |
0.284 0.064 0.982 |
Female parent ever had Asthma No Yes |
1852 43 |
12.41 25.58 |
1 3.65 (2.28-5.85) |
0.000 | 1 3.25 (1.97-5.35) |
0.000 | 599 36 |
18.19 55.55 |
1 3.65 (2.28-5.85) |
0.000 | 1 3.25 (1.97-5.35) |
0.000 |
Current wheezed Female parent ever had Asthma No Yes |
1853 43 |
8.04 23.25 |
1 3.82 (2.26-6.45) |
0.000 | 1 5.59 (2.77-11.26) |
0.000 | 600 36 |
9.33 30.55 |
1 3.82 (2.26-6.45) |
0.000 | 1 5.59 (2.77-11.26) |
0.000 |
Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 months Never At least once a year At least once per month |
354 609 1307 |
1.97 7.38 11.40 |
1 3.85 (1.82-8.12) 7.94 (3.89-16.22) |
0.000 0.000 |
1 3.41 (1.17-9.95) 4.74 (1.68-13.40) |
0.024 0.003 |
86 297 349 |
1.16 6.06 18.33 |
1 3.85 (1.82-8.12) 7.94 (3.89-16.22 |
0.000 0.000 |
1 3.41 (1.17-9.95) 4.74 (1.68-13.40) |
0.024 0.003 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays Never Seldom Frequently Almost all day |
388 489 516 865 |
8.76 8.58 10.07 8.43 |
1 0.99 (0.66-1.48) 1.40 (0.95-2.06) 1.02 (0.70-1.48) |
0.978 0.084 0.905 |
1 1.04 (0.55-1.94) 1.13 (0.60-2.11) 0.86 (0.45-1.64) |
0.902 0.695 0.653 |
120 238 186 199 |
8.33 9.24 16.66 10.05 |
1 0.99 (0.66-1.48) 1.40 (0.95-2.06) 1.02 (0.70-1.48) |
0.978 0.084 0.905 |
1 1.04 (0.55-1.94) 1.13 (0.60-2.11) 0.86 (0.45-1.64) |
0.902 0.695 0.653 |
Female parent job industry Government sector Private sector Self-employed Not employed |
183 371 199 1476 |
11.47 7.27 9.04 9.01 |
1 0.62 (0.40-0.96) 0.76 (0.46-1.25) 0.73 (0.50-1.06) |
0.034 0.292 0.103 |
1 0.72 (0.38-1.36) 0.85 (0.42-1.71) 0.50 (0.28-0.87) |
0.317 0.660 0.016 |
164 196 102 245 |
14.63 10.20 11.76 10.20 |
1 0.62 (0.40-0.96) 0.76 (0.46-1.25) 0.73 (0.50-1.06) |
0.034 0.292 0.103 |
1 0.72 (0.38-1.36) 0.85 (0.42-1.71) 0.50 (0.28-0.87) |
0.317 0.660 0.016 |
Dog inside the house (past 12 months) No Yes |
2103 205 |
8.13 15.60 |
1 1.74 (1.24-2.44) |
0.001 | 1 1.27 (0.70-2.32) |
0.419 | 639 115 |
10.79 13.04 |
1 1.74 (1.24-2.44) |
0.001 | 1 1.27 (0.70-2.32) |
0.419 |
Female parent smoke No Yes |
2186 76 |
8.26 26.31 |
1 3.19 (1.94-5.24) |
0.000 | 1 0.65 (0.20-2.12) |
0.488 | 698 17 |
11.31 11.76 |
1 3.19 (1.94-5.24) |
0.000 | 1 0.65 (0.20-2.12) |
0.488 |
People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
1497 626 |
7.34 12.93 |
1 1.77 (1.36-2.30) |
0.000 | 1 2.09 (1.38-3.16) |
0.000 | 511 198 |
9.39 14.14 |
1 1.77 (1.36-2.30) |
0.000 | 1 2.09 (1.38-3.16) |
0.000 |
Child exposure to smoking at the restaurant (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
984 53 |
8.23 11.32 |
1 2.35 (1.29-4.26) |
0.005 | 1 2.27 (1.17-4.38) |
0.014 | 381 24 |
11.81 37.5 |
1 2.35 (1.29-4.26) |
0.005 | 1 2.27 (1.17-4.38) |
0.014 |
Child ever breastfed No Yes |
738 1561 |
8.40 9.22 |
1 1.14 (0.87-1.49) |
0.312 | 1 1.40 (0.88-2.23) |
0.154 | 221 529 |
9.50 11.72 |
1 1.14 (0.87-1.49) |
0.312 | 1 1.40 (0.88-2.23) |
0.154 |
Current severe wheezee Female parent ever had Asthma No Yes |
1866 43 |
0.96 0.0 |
1 2.34 (0.53-10-19) |
0.256 | 1 2.40 (0.19-29.90) |
0.494 | 603 36 |
1.16 5.55 |
1 2.34 (0.53-10-19) |
0.256 | 1 2.40 (0.19-29.90) |
0.494 |
Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 months Never At least once a year At least once per month |
355 617 1315 |
0.28 1.45 1.36 |
1 4.8 (0.61-37.98) 6.95 (0.94-51.42) |
0.134 0.057 |
1 1.43 (0.33-6.09) - |
0.624 | 85 300 351 |
0.0 0.33 0.02 |
1 4.8 (0.61-37.98) 6.95 (0.94-51.42) |
0.134 0.057 |
1 1.43 (0.33-6.09) - |
0.624 |
Dry cough at night apart from cough associated with cold or chest infection No Yes |
1664 492 |
0.30 4.06 |
1 16.75 (6.90-40.64) |
0.000 | 1 53.19 (7.64-370.0) |
0.000 | 564 156 |
0.17 5.12 |
1 16.75 (6.90-40.64) |
0.000 | 1 53.19 (7.64-370.0) |
0.000 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays Never Seldom Frequently Almost all day |
392 493 522 869 |
1.53 1.01 0.57 1.72 |
1 0.59 (0.19-1.77) 0.82 (0.29-2.28) 1.24 (0.51-3.00) |
0.348 0.707 0.626 |
1 0.04 (0.00-0.57) 1.19 (0.20-7.09) 0.32 (0.05-1.84) |
0.018 0.847 0.204 |
121 238 187 201 |
0.82 0.42 2.67 1.49 |
1 0.59 (0.19-1.77) 0.82 (0.29-2.28) 1.24 (0.51-3.00) |
0.348 0.707 0.626 |
1 0.04 (0.00-0.57) 1.19 (0.20-7.09) 0.32 (0.05-1.84) |
0.018 0.847 0.204 |
Male parent job industry Government sector Private sector Self-employed Not employed |
153 505 189 473 |
0.65 1.18 1.05 2.11 |
1 1.96 (0.43-8.95) 1.56 (0.25-9.51) 2.66 (0.56-12.64) |
0.381 0.625 0.217 |
1 3.07 (0.40-23-15) 1.84 (0.17-19.07) 0.23 (0.14-4.01) |
0.276 0.606 0.319 |
126 282 80 61 |
0.79 1.77 1.25 0.0 |
1 1.96 (0.43-8.95) 1.56 (0.25-9.51) 2.66 (0.56-12.64) |
0.381 0.625 0.217 |
1 3.07 (0.40-23-15) 1.84 (0.17-19.07) 0.23 (0.14-4.01) |
0.276 0.606 0.319 |
Dog inside the house (past 12 months) No Yes |
2119 209 |
1.13 2.39 |
1 2.60 (1.21-5.55) |
0.014 | 1 2.62 (0.38-18.03) |
0.326 | 642 116 |
0.93 3.44 |
1 2.60 (1.21-5.55) |
0.014 | 1 2.62 (0.38-18.03) |
0.326 |
Male parent smoke NoYes |
1017 321 |
0.98 2.49 |
1 2.57 (1.15-5.70) |
0.020 | 1 1.52 (0.28-8.11) |
0.624 | 431 128 |
0.92 2.34 |
1 2.57 (1.15-5.70) |
0.020 | 1 1.52 (0.28-8.11) |
0.624 |
People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
1515 628 |
0.99 2.22 |
1 2.23 (1.17-4.24) |
0.014 | 1 2.58 (0.55-11.95) |
0.225 | 513 199 |
0.97 2.01 |
1 2.23 (1.17-4.24) |
0.014 | 1 2.58 (0.55-11.95) |
0.225 |
Child exposure to smoking at the restaurant (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
994 54 |
1.20 3.70 |
1 2.67 (0.77-9.21) |
0.119 | 1 1.54 (0.10-21.38) |
0.748 | 383 24 |
2.08 4.16 |
1 2.67 (0.77-9.21) |
0.119 | 1 1.54 (0.10-21.38) |
0.748 |
Child exposure to smoking at the car (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
990 47 |
1.11 6.38 |
1 3.03 (0.87-10.50) |
0.079 | 1 9.44 (0.86-102.93) |
0.065 | 390 22 |
2.30 0.00 |
1 3.03 (0.87-10.50) |
0.079 | 1 9.44 (0.86-102.93) |
0.065 |
Child exposure to smoking at the home (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
1406 295 |
1.20 1.69 |
1 1.13 (0.46-2.77) |
0.783 | 1 0.33 (0.04-2.65) |
0.302 | 523 100 |
1.72 1.00 |
1 1.13 (0.46-2.77) |
0.783 | 1 0.33 (0.04-2.65) |
0.302 |
Child exposure to smoking at the school (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
1045 30 |
1.24 3.333 |
1 1.82 (0.23-13.95) |
0.562 | 1 0.13 (0.00-6.36) |
0.311 | 389 10 |
1.79 0.00 |
1 1.82 (0.23-13.95) |
0.562 | 1 0.13 (0.00-6.36) |
0.311 |
Child ever breastfed No Yes |
742 1575 |
1.21 1.33 |
1 1.20 (0.60-2.42) |
0.596 | 1 2.11 (0.35-12.251) |
0.408 | 221 533 |
0.90 1.50 |
1 1.20 (0.60-2.42) |
0.596 | 1 2.11 (0.35-12.251) |
0.408 |
How does the child get to schoolg Walk Taxi/bus Motor car Combination Other |
1527 554 201 39 14 |
1.50 0.72 1.49 0.00 0.00 |
1 0.62 (0.27-1.45) 0.84 (0.32-2.23) 1.16 (0.15-8.87) - |
0.276 0.738 0.883 |
1 0.46 (0.08-2.50) 0.31(0.05-1.87) 27.48 (1.47-511.9) |
0.375 0.203 0.026 |
126 283 320 18 9 |
0.79 1.41 1.25 5.55 0.00 |
1 0.62 (0.27-1.45) 0.84 (0.32-2.23) 1.16 (0.15-8.87) - |
0.276 0.738 0.883 |
1 0.46 (0.08-2.50) 0.31(0.05-1.87) 27.48 (1.47-511.9) |
0.375 0.203 0.026 |
Asthma everf People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
1364 558 |
1.31 2.32 |
1 175 (1.03-2.98) |
0.036 | 1 2.49 (1.12-5.54) |
0.024 | 479 184 |
3.54 5.97 |
1 175 (1.03-2.98) |
0.036 | 1 2.49 (1.12-5.54) |
0.024 |
Child exposure to smoking at the car (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
915 45 |
1.85 0.00 |
1 0.56 (0.07-4.21) |
0.577 | 1 0.58 (0.07-4.53) |
0.605 | 371 21 |
4.31 4.76 |
1 0.56 (0.07-4.21) |
0.577 | 1 0.58 (0.07-4.53) |
0.605 |
Child ever breastfed No Yes |
683 1393 |
1.75 1.86 |
1 1.22 (0.70-2.12) |
0.465 | 1 1.13 (0.48-2.68) |
0.769 | 212 485 |
2.83 4.32 |
1 1.22 (0.70-2.12) |
0.465 | 1 1.13 (0.48-2.68) |
0.769 |
Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 monthsNever At least once a year At least once per month |
314 557 1176 |
0.31 1.97 0.22 |
1 3.14 (0.71-13.85) 6.14 (1.48-25.42) |
0.130 0.012 |
1 1.35 (0.14-12.40) 4.03 (0.53-30.7) |
0.788 0.178 |
76 277 328 |
1.31 1.44 6.40 |
1 3.14 (0.71-13.85) 6.14 (1.48-25.42) |
0.130 0.012 |
1 1.35 (0.14-12.40) 4.03 (0.53-30.7) |
0.788 0.178 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays Never Seldom Frequently Almost all day |
351 452 480 755 |
2.56 1.32 2.29 1.58 |
1 0.49 (0.22-1.07) 0.86 (0.43-1.72) 0.63 (0.32-1.26) |
0.075 0.680 0.201 |
1 0.63 (0.18-2.15) 1.05 (0.34-3.24) 0.55 (0.163-1.89) |
0.464 0.921 0.350 |
110 222 175 184 |
5.45 2.70 4.57 3.80 |
1 0.49 (0.22-1.07) 0.86 (0.43-1.72) 0.63 (0.32-1.26) |
0.075 0.680 0.201 |
1 0.63 (0.18-2.15) 1.05 (0.34-3.24) 0.55 (0.163-1.89) |
0.464 0.921 0.350 |
Cat inside the house (past 12 months) No Yes |
1937 145 |
1.70 3.44 |
1 2.7 (1.44-5.25) |
0.002 | 1 1.44 (0.38-5.34) |
0.584 | 636 62 |
3.30 11.29 |
1 2.7 (1.44-5.25) |
0.002 | 1 1.44 (0.38-5.34) |
0.584 |
Female parent level of school completion Primary Secondary University Other |
171 338 178 1321 |
3.50 1.47 2.24 1.66 |
1 0.54 (0.24-1.23) 1.03 (0.45-2.36) 0.54 (0.27-1.09) |
0.146 0.930 0.090 |
1 1.06 (0.22-5.04) 1.16 (0.21-6.47) 1.48 (0.27-7.96) |
0.936 0.858 0.647 |
149 185 101 224 |
4.69 3.24 6.93 2.67 |
1 0.54 (0.24-1.23) 1.03 (0.45-2.36) 0.54 (0.27-1.09) |
0.146 0.930 0.090 |
1 1.06 (0.22-5.04) 1.16 (0.21-6.47) 1.48 (0.27-7.96) |
0.936 0.858 0.647 |
Female parent ever had Asthma No Yes |
1730 39 |
1.56 15.3 |
1 7.63 (3.72-15.66) |
0.000 | 1 4.05 (1.25-13.15) |
0.020 | 560 35 |
3.21 14.28 |
1 7.63 (3.72-15.66) |
0.000 | 1 4.05 (1.25-13.15) |
0.020 |
Variable | Totala | Prevalence (%) | Crude ORb | Adjusted ORb,c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(95% CI) | P | (95% CI) | P | |||
People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
2011 817 |
13.60 18.60 |
1 1.44 (1.16-1.40) |
0.001 | 1.37 (1.08-1.74) | 0.009 |
Female parent smoke No Yes |
2878 92 |
14.62 34.78 |
1 3.11 (2.00-4.83) |
0.000 | 1 2.58 (1.57-4.23) |
0.000 |
Sex of child Female Male |
1512 1572 |
13.49 16.73 |
1 1.28 (1.05-1.57) |
0.012 | 1 1.35 (1.08-1.70) |
0.008 |
Child ever breastfed No Yes |
957 2086 |
15.10 15.34 |
1 1.03 (0.83-1.27) |
0.777 | 1 1.10 (0.86-1.40) |
0.436 |
Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 months Never At least once a year At least once per month |
435 909 1650 |
5.28 14.41 18.24 |
1 3.01 (1.90-4.77)3.99 (2.57-6.19) |
0.000 0.000 |
1 2.29 (1.41-3.71) 3.04 (1.92-4.81) |
0.001 0.000 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays NeverSeldom Frequently Almost all day |
509 729 704 1053 |
13.75 15.08 17.61 14.24 |
1 1.11 (0.80-1.54) 1.34 (0.97-1.84) 1.04 (0.76-1.41) |
0.512 0.071 0.793 |
1 1.00 (0.69-1.45) 1.22 (0.85-1.75) 1.00 (0.71-1.42) |
0.966 0.270 0.960 |
Cat in the house (past 12 months) No Yes |
2830 220 |
17.18 21.36 |
1 1.58 (1.12-2.21) |
0.008 | 1 1.83 (0.65-5.12) |
0.246 |
Female parent level of school completion Secondary University Other Primary |
1846 449 413 241 |
12.56 22.71 17.43 18.67 |
1 2.04 (1.57-2.65) 1.46 (1.10-1.96) 1.59 (1.12-2.27) |
0.000 0.009 0.009 |
1.84 (1.36-2.49) 1.30 (0.94-1.80) 1.39 (0.90-2.16) |
0.000 0.106 0.129 |
How does the child get to schoolg Walk Taxi/bus Motor car Combination Other |
1633 828 518 57 23 |
13.16 15.57 21.62 12.28 4.34 |
1 1.21 (0.96-1.54) 1.81 (1.41-2.34) 0.92 (0.41-2.06) 0.29 (0.04-2.23) |
0.103 0.000 0.846 0.240 |
1 1.31 (1.00 -1.71) 1.74 (1.27-2.38) 1.07 (0.46-2.49) 0.32 (0.04-2.48) |
0.048 0.000 0.863 0.279 |
Variables | Totala | Prevalence (%) | Crude ORb | Adjusted ORb,c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(95% CI) | P | (95% CI) | P | |||
Female parent ever asthma No Yes |
2453 79 |
8.35 26.58 |
1 3.97 (2.36-6.67) |
0.000 | 1 5.59 (2.77-11.26) |
0.000 |
Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 months Never At least once a year At least once per month |
440 906 1656 |
1.81 6.95 12.86 |
1 4.03 (1.91-8.49) 7.97 (3.90-16.27) |
0.000 0.000 |
1 3.41 (1.17-9.95) 4.74 (1.68-13.40) |
0.024 0.003 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays Never Seldom Frequently Almost all day |
508 727 702 1064 |
8.66 8.80 11.82 8.74 |
1 1.01 (0.68-1.52) 1.41 (0.96-2.07) 1.01 (0.69-1.47) |
0.931 0.078 0.958 |
1 1.04 (0.55-1.94) 1.13 (0.60-2.22) 0.86 (0.45-1.64) |
0.902 0.695 0.653 |
Female parent job industry Private sector Government sector Self-employed Not employed |
567 347 301 1721 |
8.28 12.96 9.96 9.18 |
1 1.64 (1.06-2.54) 1.22 (0.75-1.98) 1.11 (0.79-1.57) |
0.024 0.409 0.519 |
1 1.38 (0.73-2.60) 1.18 (0.73-2.32) 0.69 (0.41-1.17) |
0.317 0.629 0.177 |
Dog in the house (past 12 months) No Yes |
2742 320 |
8.75 14.68 |
1 1.79 (1.28-2.51) |
0.001 | 1 1.27 (0.70-2.32) |
0.419 |
Female parent smoke No Yes |
2884 93 |
9.01 23.65 |
1 3.12 (1.90-5.12) |
0.000 | 1 0.65 (0.20-2.15) |
0.488 |
People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
2008 823 |
7.86 13.12 |
1 1.78 (1.36-2.29) |
0.000 | 1 2.09 (1.38-3.16) |
0.000 |
Child exposure to smoking at the car (past 30 days) Never One or more days |
1368 69 |
9.50 11.59 |
1 2.37 (1.31-4.30) |
0.004 | 1 2.27 (1.17-4.38) |
0.014 |
Child ever breastfed No Yes |
959 2090 |
8.65 8.65 |
1 1.15 (0.88-1.50) |
0.293 | 1.40 (0.88-2.23) | 0.154 |
Variable | Totala | Prevalence (%) | Crude ORb | Adjusted ORb,c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(95% CI) | P | (95% CI) | P | |||
People living in the same house as your child smoke? Zero One or more |
2028 827 |
0.98 2.17 |
1 2.23 (1.17-4.24) |
0.014 | 1 2.46 (1.25-4.85) |
0.009 |
Sex of child Female Male |
1524 1592 |
0.78 1.75 |
1 2.25 (1.14-4.45) |
0.019 | 1 2.30 (1.09-4.84) |
0.027 |
Child plays with dogs/cats No Yes |
2535 556 |
1.18 1.61 |
1 1.27 (0.64-2.91) |
0.407 | 1 0.95 (0.41-2.22) |
0.919 |
Child used Analgesic/antibiotic in the past 12 months Never At least once a year At least once per month |
440 917 1666 |
0.22 1.09 1.56 |
1 4.84 (0.61-37.92) 6.95 (0.94-51-42) |
0.133 0.057 |
1 4.34 (0.54-34.68) 6.14 (0.82-45-75) |
0.166 0.077 |
Truck traffic where your child lives on weekdays Never Seldom Frequently Almost all day |
513 731 709 1070 |
1.36 0.82 1.12 1.68 |
1 0.59 (0.19-1.79) 0.83 (0.29-2.28) 1.23 (0.51-2.98) |
0.358 0.712 0.636 |
1 0.46 (0.14-1.48) 0.65 (0.23-1.85) 0.89 (0.35-2.23) |
0.196 0.428 0.808 |
Child ever breastfed No Yes |
964 2108 |
1.14 1.37 |
1 1.20 (0.60-2.42) |
0.595 | 1 1.16 (0.55-2.45) |
0.690 |
Female parent job industry Private sector Government sector Self-employed Not employed |
571 349 303 1736 |
0.87 2.29 1.98 1.15 |
1 2.65 (0.86-8.18) 2.28 (0.69-7.55) 1.31 (0.49-3.53) |
0.089 0.175 0.581 |
1 2.20 (0.68-7.08) 2.23 (0.66-7.47) 1.09 (0.39-3.00) |
0.185 0.192 0.859 |
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Rodney Mudau
et al.
,
2024
© 2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated