Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Chlamydiosis in Small Ruminants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Rebeca Castro-Flores; Soila M. Gaxiola; Efren Diaz-Aparicio; Miguel A. Rodriguez-Gaxiola; Arnulfo Montero--Pardo; Idalia Enriquez-Verdugo; Nohemi Castro del Campo; Milad Bradi; Pavel E. Hernandez-Carreño; Diana Z. Velazquez; Carlos Lizarraga; Gerardo Avila-Butron; Enrique J. Delgado-Suarez; Armando Ramirez-Valdez; Daniel Diaz

doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1479.v1

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preprints.org > public health and healthcare > public, environmental and occupational health > doi: 10.20944/preprints202402.1479.v1

Preprint Review Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Chlamydiosis in Small Ruminants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Rebeca Castro-Flores

Soila M. Gaxiola

^* ,

Efren Diaz-Aparicio

Miguel A. Rodriguez-Gaxiola

Arnulfo Montero--Pardo

Idalia Enriquez-Verdugo

Nohemi Castro del Campo

Milad Bradi

Pavel E. Hernandez-Carreño

Diana Z. Velazquez

Carlos Lizarraga

Gerardo Avila-Butron

Enrique J. Delgado-Suarez

Armando Ramirez-Valdez

Daniel Diaz

Version 1 : Received: 23 February 2024 / Approved: 26 February 2024 / Online: 26 February 2024 (15:26:53 CET)

How to cite: Castro-Flores, R.; Gaxiola, S.M.; Diaz-Aparicio, E.; Rodriguez-Gaxiola, M.A.; Montero--Pardo, A.; Enriquez-Verdugo, I.; Castro del Campo, N.; Bradi, M.; Hernandez-Carreño, P.E.; Velazquez, D.Z.; Lizarraga, C.; Avila-Butron, G.; Delgado-Suarez, E.J.; Ramirez-Valdez, A.; Diaz, D. Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Chlamydiosis in Small Ruminants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Preprints 2024, 2024021479. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202402.1479.v1 Castro-Flores, R.; Gaxiola, S.M.; Diaz-Aparicio, E.; Rodriguez-Gaxiola, M.A.; Montero--Pardo, A.; Enriquez-Verdugo, I.; Castro del Campo, N.; Bradi, M.; Hernandez-Carreño, P.E.; Velazquez, D.Z.; Lizarraga, C.; Avila-Butron, G.; Delgado-Suarez, E.J.; Ramirez-Valdez, A.; Diaz, D. Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Chlamydiosis in Small Ruminants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Preprints 2024, 2024021479. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202402.1479.v1

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MDPI and ACS Style

Castro-Flores, R.; Gaxiola, S.M.; Diaz-Aparicio, E.; Rodriguez-Gaxiola, M.A.; Montero--Pardo, A.; Enriquez-Verdugo, I.; Castro del Campo, N.; Bradi, M.; Hernandez-Carreño, P.E.; Velazquez, D.Z.; Lizarraga, C.; Avila-Butron, G.; Delgado-Suarez, E.J.; Ramirez-Valdez, A.; Diaz, D. Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Chlamydiosis in Small Ruminants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Preprints 2024, 2024021479. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202402.1479.v1

APA Style

Castro-Flores, R., Gaxiola, S.M., Diaz-Aparicio, E., Rodriguez-Gaxiola, M.A., Montero--Pardo, A., Enriquez-Verdugo, I., Castro del Campo, N., Bradi, M., Hernandez-Carreño, P.E., Velazquez, D.Z., Lizarraga, C., Avila-Butron, G., Delgado-Suarez, E.J., Ramirez-Valdez, A., & Diaz, D. (2024). Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Chlamydiosis in Small Ruminants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202402.1479.v1

Chicago/Turabian Style

Castro-Flores, R., Armando Ramirez-Valdez and Daniel Diaz. 2024 "Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Chlamydiosis in Small Ruminants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202402.1479.v1

Abstract

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to estimate the prevalence of chlamydiosis in small ruminants. The study included 133 publications that reported the presence of Chlamydia abortus in 109 and 74 studies in sheep and goats from 45 countries. The prevalence of chlamydiosis was estimated at global, regional, and national levels using meta-analyses of proportions. Meta-regression and cumulative meta-analyses were also performed. Globally, the prevalence of chlamydiosis in sheep and goats was estimated at 20.1% (95% CI: 17.8-22.4) and 14.4% (11.6-17.4), respectively. For sheep, chlamydiosis prevalence was heterogeneous at regional and national levels. South Asia had the highest prevalence (30.6%) and East Asia and Pacific the lowest (14.0%). Nationally, chlamydiosis was more prevalent in Romania, Hungary, and Germany (range 53.3-87.0%) compared to Costa Rica, Australia, and Zimbabwe (4.7-5.2%). Among goats, chlamydiosis prevalence was similar across regions (10.4-19.7%), but varied significantly among countries, 0.0% in Romania and Australia and 91.7% in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In both species, sample size, number of diagnostic techniques, and latitude were significant covariates. Prevalence varied widely in the first decades of publications before stabilizing. Our study found a high prevalence of chlamydiosis in small ruminants, with the pathogen being distributed globally but heterogeneously across countries.

Keywords

Enzootic abortion of small ruminants; pathogenic bacteria; chlamydiosis; reproductive failure; zoonosis.

Subject

Public Health and Healthcare, Public, Environmental and Occupational Health

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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