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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
22 January 2024
Posted:
23 January 2024
You are already at the latest version
Decentralized Science (DeSci) represents a collaborative and decentralized approach to science, leveraging technological and infrastructural advancements such as Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), Web3, cryptocurrencies, and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) to enable permissionless, open, and inclusive participation, facilitating collective governance, equitable incentivization, unrestricted access, shared ownership, and transparent funding of the scientific process.
CeSci | Centralized Science |
DAO | Decentralized Autonomous Organizations |
DApps | Decentralized Applications |
DeFi | Decentralized Finance |
DeSci | Decentralized Science |
DINO | Decentralization In Name Only |
DLT | Distributed Ledger Technology |
GRC | Gridcoin |
IP | Intellectual Property |
IP-NFT | Intellectual Property Non-Fungible Token |
LLC | Limited Liability Company |
n.d. | no date |
NFT | Non-fungible Token |
OECD | Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development |
SSRN | Social Science Research Network |
Project name | Focus area | Discord members |
---|---|---|
VitaDAO | Longevity research and funding | 9472 |
AntidoteDAO | Funding cancer research initiatives | 3377 |
GenomesDAO | Genomic data sharing and storing | 2880 |
LabDAO | Tools and infrastructure for computational biology | 2012 |
TalentDAO | Decentralized publication protocol for social sciences | 1768 |
PsyDAO | Psychedelic and mental health research | 1644 |
DeSciWorld | Connecting decentralized science communities | 1209 |
ValleyDAO | Synthetic biology technology funding and access | 1153 |
DeSci Labs | Scientific publishing and digital society | 972 |
CerebrumDAO | Brain health and preventing neurodegeneration | 970 |
AthenaDAO | Funding women's health research | 900 |
ResearchCoin | Accelerating scientific research and publishing | 772 |
HairDAO | Research and funding dedicated to hair loss | 757 |
NewAtlantisDAO | Ocean health and marine biodiversity | 420 |
VibeBio | Rare disease research and treatment development | 249 |
Project name | Discord members | Number of token holders |
---|---|---|
VitaDAO | 9472 | 2465 |
AntidoteDAO | 3377 | - |
GenomesDAO | 2880 | 201 |
LabDAO | 2012 | - |
TalentDAO | 1768 | - |
PsyDAO | 1644 | - |
DeSciDAO (DeSciWorld) | 1209 | - |
ValleyDAO | 1153 | 144 |
CerebrumDAO | 970 | - |
AthenaDAO | 900 | 86 |
ResearchHub DAO | 772 | 514 |
HairDAO | 757 | 161 |
NewAtlantisDAO | 420 | - |
Title | Author(s) | Year |
---|---|---|
Removing the barriers for Participation in Decentralized Science from Traditional Academia [52] | Dehouche et al. | 2023 |
A New Architecture and Mechanism for Decentralized Science MetaMarkets [54] | Ding et al. | 2023 |
DeSci - Decentralized Science [53] | Jens Ducrée et al. | 2022 |
The DAO to DeSci: AI for Free, Fair, and Responsibility Sensitive Sciences [43] | Wang et al. | 2022 |
Can decentralized science help tackle the deterioration in working conditions in academia? [56] | Sicard, François | 2022 |
DeSci Based on Web3 and DAO: A Comprehensive Overview and Reference Model [55] | Ding et al. | 2022 |
Call to join the decentralized science movement [39] | Hamburg, Sarah | 2021 |
Title | Author(s) | Year |
---|---|---|
DeSci for Web3 Builders [57] | Starr et al. | 2023 |
Decentralized science (DeSci): Web3-mediated future of science [1] | Shilina, Sasha | 2023 |
Decentralized Science — Next Big Sector in Crypto [58] | Knight, Richard | 2023 |
Decentralized Science – should Science be crypto-fied? [59] | Xiaohui Ang, Hazel | 2023 |
The DeSci Movement: Will Crypto Really Solve Science's Biggest Problems? [46] | Cumbers, John | 2023 |
The Decentralized Science Ecosystem: Building a Better Research Economy [60] | Dunbar, Stephanie; Basile, Stephen | 2023 |
DeSci Landscape Analysis: Exploring Crowdfunding Effects On Project Development [61] | Magennis et al. | 2023 |
The Future of Medicine Is Token [62] | Pečiulis, Rapolas | 2023 |
Is Decentralised Science better science? [63] | Kisley, Marina | 2023 |
From Open Software Movement to Open Research Movement: Why DeSci will be the next big wave for Web3 [64] | Fang, Jason | 2023 |
Unlocking Scientific Innovation Through Decentralized Science – Part I [65] | Strauss, Christine | 2023 |
Why DeSci is not yet perfect? Top 7 challenges [66] | JocelynDAO | 2023 |
Decentralized Science [67] | bio.xyz | 2023 |
A Guide to DeSci, the Latest Web3 Movement [68] | Hamburg, Sarah | 2022 |
A DeSci Origin Story [35] | Koepsell, David | 2022 |
What Is Decentralized Science (DeSci) and What Makes It Special? [69] | Belova, Kira | 2022 |
DeSci: Can crypto improve scientific research? [70] | Parasol, Max | 2022 |
DeSci - Decentralised Science and its potential to change the world. [71] | Coinmonks | 2022 |
DeSci: Modern Science Enabled by Web3 Technology [72] | Moreland, Kirsty | 2022 |
Is DeSci the Future of Research? [73] | Akinosho, Samuel | 2022 |
Decentralized Science – a cure for the Science sector’s woes? [74] | Hawkins, Julia | 2022 |
DeSci: The case for decentralised science [75] | Cook, Joseph | 2021 |
Decentralized Science and Biotech [76] | Weisser, Vincent | n.d.* |
Decentralized science (DeSci) [41] | Ethereum Foundation | n.d.* |
Main category | Subcategory | Specifications | Publications |
---|---|---|---|
Technological Aspects | Aspects related to the different means of technology mentioned in the included definitions of DeSci | ||
Web3 | Web3 technologies; Web3 space; Web3 stack | [1, 39, 41, 54, 57, 59, 61, 69, 71–74] | |
Distributed Ledger Technology | Blockchain tools; blockchain-based solutions; blockchain; DLT; | [1, 39, 52, 56, 63, 66, 69, 72, 74] | |
Decentralization | Decentralized and distributed scientific research model; decentralized tools; decentralized technologies | [35, 52, 54, 57, 63, 70, 76] | |
Scientific Aspects | Aspects related to scientific aims or focus areas mentioned in the included definitions of DeSci | ||
Research Funding | Funding models; permissionless capital formation; new funding paradigms; funding inequities; | [1, 41, 52, 55, 59–63, 65, 67–69, 73, 74, 77] | |
Publishing | Peer Review; reviewing scientific knowledge; publishing; open access | [60, 61, 63, 69, 70, 72, 75]. | |
Collaboration | Collaborative research; open research; open-source research; open scientific research; citizen science; | [1, 35, 43, 53, 56, 58, 59, 63–65, 70, 76] | |
Socio-Economic Aspects |
Aspects relating to social and economic ramifications, aims or focus areas in the included definitions of DeSci | ||
Infrastructure | Public infrastructure to fund and disseminate scientific knowledge | [41, 60, 67, 69, 71, 73] | |
Censorship Resistance | Resistance to censorship and control by central authorities; without traditional gatekeepers; rejecting institutional influence | [58, 70, 76] |
Background and Professional Information | n (%) |
---|---|
Age (in years) | |
< 20 | 1 (2.6%) |
20 – 25 | 4 (10.2%) |
26 – 30 | 11 (28.2%) |
31 – 35 | 11 (28.2%) |
36 – 40 | 7 (17.9%) |
> 40 | 5 (12.8%) |
Education | |
High School Diploma or Equivalent (e.g., Secondary School) | 1 (2.6%) |
Vocational Training or Apprenticeship (Non-academic) | 0 (0.0%) |
Undergraduate Degree / Bachelor's Degree | 12 (30.7%) |
Postgraduate Degree / Master's Degree | 18 (46.1%) |
Doctorate or Equivalent (e.g., PhD, MD) | 8 (20.5%) |
Academic Position (e.g., Junior Professorship/Professorship) | 0 (0.0%) |
Professional experience (in years) | |
< 5 | 12 (30.7%) |
6 – 10 | 9 (23.1%) |
11 – 15 | 13 (33.3%) |
16 – 20 | 2 (5.1%) |
> 20 | 3 (7.7%) |
Membership in DeSci-DAOs (number) | |
0 | 0 (0.0%) |
1 | 16 (41.0%) |
2 | 11 (28.2%) |
3 | 7 (17.9%) |
4 | 1 (2.6%) |
5 | 0 (0.0%) |
> 5 | 4 (10.2%) |
Membership in DeSci-DAOs (duration; in months) | |
< 6 | 7 (17.9%) |
6 – 12 | 8 (20.5%) |
12 – 18 | 9 (23.1%) |
18 – 24 | 7 (17.9%) |
> 24 | 8 (20.5%) |
Main category | Subcategory | Specifications | n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Technological Aspects | Aspects related to the different means of technology associated with DeSci | 26 (66.7%) | |
Web3 | Web3's emphasis on decentralized internet, its technological stack, and the tools it supports | 8 (20.5%) | |
Distributed Ledger Technology | Blockchain technology and associated features, immutable and traceable infrastructures, platforms utilizing DLT | 10 (25.6%) | |
Decentralization | Tools and methods facilitating decentralized research, data sharing, and decision-making | 8 (20,5%) | |
Scientific Aspects | Aspects related to the scientific objectives or focus areas of DeSci | 28 (71.8%) | |
Research Funding | Alternative funding models (e.g., quadratic funding), transparent funding mechanisms, token-based incentives | 9 (23.1%) | |
Publishing | Decentralized peer review, initiatives promoting open access, blockchain-enabled publishing | 9 (23.1%) | |
Collaboration | Collective knowledge generation, open-source scientific processes, global researcher cooperation | 10 (25.6%) | |
Socio-Economic Aspects |
Aspects related to socio-economic implications and objectives of DeSci | 19 (48.7%) | |
Infrastructure | Systems and tools promoting public and open infrastructure, value generation in science, knowledge dissemination methods | 7 (17.9%) | |
Censorship Resistance | Initiatives against institutional control, promoting research free from gatekeepers, decentralized authority models | 9 (23.1%) | |
Governance and Organizational Aspects | Aspects related to decentralized governance and organization within DeSci | 15 (38.5%) | |
Decentralized Governance | Community-driven research, principles of decentralized decision-making and authority, emphasis on collective intelligence | 8 (20.5%) | |
Organizational Structure | Models promoting participation by non-affiliated individuals, concepts of fractional ownership, and the collaborative essence of DeSci organizations (e.g., DAOs) | 7 (17.9%) | |
Innovative Aspects | Aspects related to innovations and novel concepts of traditional scientific methods | 11 (28.2%) | |
Intellectual Property (IP) and Knowledge Creation | Approaches for shared IP rights, decentralized knowledge creation | 6 (15.4%) | |
Evolution of Traditional Models | Movements and initiatives diverging from traditional research paradigms, innovative shifts in the scientific research process | 5 (12.8%) | |
Ethical and Philosophical Aspects | Aspects related to foundational beliefs and moral values in DeSci | 10 (25.6%) | |
Openness | Open access to research, transparency in research processes and decision-making, equitable participation | 6 (15.4%) | |
Ethical Principles | Advocacy against corporate proprietorship, principles of fairness and equality in scientific research, promoting ethical standards in DeSci | 4 (10.3%) |
Category | Themes (n) | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Transparency and Openness | Transparency (14), Open (7), Open source (4), Open governance (3), Verification (2), Removal of barriers (2), Open-mindedness (1), Open data sharing (1), Accessibility (1), Honesty (1) | 36 (92.3%) |
Democratization and Community | Democratization (4), Community-based (4), Collaboration (3) Community (2), Fairness (2), Inclusiveness (1), Collective benefit (1) | 17 (43.7%) |
Accountability and Integrity | Accountability (6), Reproducibility (4), Integrity (2), Verification (2) | 14 (35.9%) |
Ownership and Incentives | Ownership (3), Funding (3), Recognition (2), Value creation (2), Incentives (2) | 12 (30.7%) |
Decentralization | Decentralization (7), Distributed systems (2), Permissionless (2) | 11 (28.2%) |
Innovation and Advancements | Innovation (3), Technological advancements (2), Exploration (1), Evolution (1), Digital assets (1), Web3 (1) | 9 (23.2%) |
Category | Themes (n) | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Integrity and Validation | Integrity (4), Validation (4), Reproducibility (3), Trust (3), Trustworthiness (2), Verification (1), Replication (1), Truth (1) | 19 (48.7%) |
Collaboration and Community | Collaboration (7), Community-driven (4), Collective consensus (2), Collective organizing (1), Networking (1) | 15 (38.5%) |
Openness | Open source (6), Open data (4), Accessibility (3), Exploration (1) | 14 (35.9%) |
Decentralization | Decentralization (5), Autonomy (2), Distributed approach (1), Democratization (1), Permissionless (1) | 10 (25.6%) |
Incentive and Rewards | Incentive (4), Reward (2), Merit-based (1), Recognition (1), Credits (1) | 9 (23.2%) |
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