Preprint Review Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

The Multisystem Impact of Long COVID: A Comprehensive Review

Nicoleta Negrut
* ORCID logo ,
Menegas Georgios
,
Sofia Kampioti
,
Maria Bourelou
,
Francesca Kopanyi
,
Faiso Dahir Hassan
,
Anamaria Asowed
,
Fatima Zohra Taleouine
,
Anca Ferician
,
Paula Marian
Version 1 : Received: 29 December 2023 / Approved: 3 January 2024 / Online: 3 January 2024 (10:37:21 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Negrut, N.; Menegas, G.; Kampioti, S.; Bourelou, M.; Kopanyi, F.; Hassan, F.D.; Asowed, A.; Taleouine, F.Z.; Ferician, A.; Marian, P. The Multisystem Impact of Long COVID: A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 244. Negrut, N.; Menegas, G.; Kampioti, S.; Bourelou, M.; Kopanyi, F.; Hassan, F.D.; Asowed, A.; Taleouine, F.Z.; Ferician, A.; Marian, P. The Multisystem Impact of Long COVID: A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 244.

Abstract

(1) Background: COVID-19 was responsible for the latest pandemic, shaking and reshaping healthcare systems worldwide. Its late clinical manifestations make it linger in medical memory as a debilitating illness over extended periods. (2) Methods: Recent literature was systematically analyzed to categorize and examine the symptomatology and pathophysiology of Long COVID across various bodily systems, including pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neuropsychiatric, dermatological, renal, hematological, and endocrinological aspects. (3) Results: The review outlines the diverse clinical manifestations of Long COVID across multiple systems, emphasizing its complexity and challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Factors such as pre-existing conditions, initial COVID-19 severity, vaccination status, gender, and age were identified as influential in the manifestation and persistence of Long COVID symptoms. This condition is highlighted as a debilitating disease capable of enduring over an extended period and presenting new symptoms over time. (4) Conclusions: Long COVID emerges as a condition with intricate multi-systemic involvement, complicating its diagnosis and treatment. The findings underscore the necessity for a nuanced understanding of its diverse manifestations to effectively manage and address the evolving nature of this condition over time.

Keywords

Long COVID; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; hypercoagulability; dysbiosis

Subject

Medicine and Pharmacology, Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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