Gianvincenzi, M.; Mosconi, E.M.; Marconi, M.; Tola, F. Battery Waste Management in Europe: Black Mass Hazardousness and Recycling Strategies in the Light of an Evolving Competitive Regulation. Recycling2024, 9, 13.
Gianvincenzi, M.; Mosconi, E.M.; Marconi, M.; Tola, F. Battery Waste Management in Europe: Black Mass Hazardousness and Recycling Strategies in the Light of an Evolving Competitive Regulation. Recycling 2024, 9, 13.
Gianvincenzi, M.; Mosconi, E.M.; Marconi, M.; Tola, F. Battery Waste Management in Europe: Black Mass Hazardousness and Recycling Strategies in the Light of an Evolving Competitive Regulation. Recycling2024, 9, 13.
Gianvincenzi, M.; Mosconi, E.M.; Marconi, M.; Tola, F. Battery Waste Management in Europe: Black Mass Hazardousness and Recycling Strategies in the Light of an Evolving Competitive Regulation. Recycling 2024, 9, 13.
Abstract
The increasing importance of batteries in the 21st century and the challenges posed by the anticipated growth in end-of-life batteries, particularly in Europe, are addressed. Projections indicate a significant increase in battery waste, with a specific focus on the recycling of black mass (BM)—a complex and hazardous byproduct of the battery recycling process. The research employs the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to systematically analyze the hazardousness of BM derived from various types of batteries. The findings reveal the inherently hazardous nature of BM, classifying it under multiple hazardous properties (HPs) according to European regulations. The urgent need for a definitive legislative classification of the hazardousness of BM is emphasized, and the potential of innovative technologies and strategies to improve recycling performance while mitigating risks is highlighted. The research significantly contributes to understanding the complexities of BM recycling, providing a foundation for future advancements in this area and emphasizing the need for further exploration and economic feasibility analysis of recycling technologies.
Keywords
black mass; battery waste; waste classification; battery recycling; hazardous properties; European Regulations; waste management; recycling technologies
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Waste Management and Disposal
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
