Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Neurocognitive Changes in Patients with Post-COVID Depression

Marina Khodanovich
* ORCID logo ,
Anna Naumova
ORCID logo ,
Daria Kamaeva
ORCID logo ,
Victoria Obukhovskaya
,
Svetlana Vasilieva
,
Evgeny Schastnyy
,
Nadezhda Kataeva
,
Anastasia Levina
,
Marina Kudabaeva
,
Valentina Pashkevich
ORCID logo ,
Marina Moshkina
,
Yana Tumentceva
,
Mikhail Svetlik
Version 1 : Received: 12 December 2023 / Approved: 13 December 2023 / Online: 13 December 2023 (04:53:07 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Khodanovich, M.; Naumova, A.; Kamaeva, D.; Obukhovskaya, V.; Vasilieva, S.; Schastnyy, E.; Kataeva, N.; Levina, A.; Kudabaeva, M.; Pashkevich, V.; et al. Neurocognitive Changes in Patients with Post-COVID Depression. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2024, 13, 1442, doi:10.3390/jcm13051442. Khodanovich, M.; Naumova, A.; Kamaeva, D.; Obukhovskaya, V.; Vasilieva, S.; Schastnyy, E.; Kataeva, N.; Levina, A.; Kudabaeva, M.; Pashkevich, V.; et al. Neurocognitive Changes in Patients with Post-COVID Depression. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2024, 13, 1442, doi:10.3390/jcm13051442.

Abstract

Depression and cognitive impairment are recognized complications of COVID-19. This study aimed to assess cognitive performance in clinically diagnosed post-COVID depression (PCD) patients using neuropsychological testing. The study involved 71 post-COVID patients, with matched control groups: recovered COVID-19 individuals without complications (n=18) and individuals without prior COVID-19 history (n=19). A post-COVID depression group (PCD, n=25) was identified based on psychiatric diagnosis, a comparison group (noPCD, n=46) included participants with neurological COVID-19 complications, excluding clinical depression. The PCD patients showed significantly less scores in the MoCA test, decreased immediate memory recall in the Word Memory Test, decreased processing speed and higher accuracy in the Trail Making Test, and near to significant worse executive control and processing speed in the Stroop task compared to controls and the noPCD patients. The number of post-COVID symptoms negatively correlated with immediate word memory recall and processing speed among all post-COVID patients. In PCD patients, negative correlations between number of post-COVID symptoms and delayed recall, between time after recovery and immediate recall, and positive correlation between the number of acute symptoms and processing speed in the incongruent condition of the Stroop task were found. No differences between groups in Sniffin’s stick olfactory test was found. Overall, our study revealed cognitive impairment in PCD patients similar to those in major depressive disorder.

Keywords

COVID-19; post-COVD; long COVID; depression; major depressive disorder; cognitive impair-ment; MoCA; Word Memory Test; Stroop Color Word Test; Trail Making Test; Insomnia Severity Index

Subject

Medicine and Pharmacology, Neuroscience and Neurology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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