Version 1
: Received: 28 October 2023 / Approved: 30 October 2023 / Online: 30 October 2023 (09:36:54 CET)
Version 2
: Received: 24 December 2023 / Approved: 25 December 2023 / Online: 27 December 2023 (05:41:32 CET)
How to cite:
Maqsood, S.; Eddie, L.S.S.; Ng, H.Y.; Afzal, M.; Rehman, S.U.; Ayyub, M.F. Global Eggshell Properties: Characterizing Variability for Sustainable Partial Cement Replacement in Hong Kong’s Concrete. Preprints2023, 2023101834. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202310.1834.v2
Maqsood, S.; Eddie, L.S.S.; Ng, H.Y.; Afzal, M.; Rehman, S.U.; Ayyub, M.F. Global Eggshell Properties: Characterizing Variability for Sustainable Partial Cement Replacement in Hong Kong’s Concrete. Preprints 2023, 2023101834. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202310.1834.v2
Maqsood, S.; Eddie, L.S.S.; Ng, H.Y.; Afzal, M.; Rehman, S.U.; Ayyub, M.F. Global Eggshell Properties: Characterizing Variability for Sustainable Partial Cement Replacement in Hong Kong’s Concrete. Preprints2023, 2023101834. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202310.1834.v2
APA Style
Maqsood, S., Eddie, L.S.S., Ng, H.Y., Afzal, M., Rehman, S.U., & Ayyub, M.F. (2023). Global Eggshell Properties: Characterizing Variability for Sustainable Partial Cement Replacement in Hong Kong’s Concrete. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202310.1834.v2
Chicago/Turabian Style
Maqsood, S., Safi Ur Rehman and Muhammad Faisal Ayyub. 2023 "Global Eggshell Properties: Characterizing Variability for Sustainable Partial Cement Replacement in Hong Kong’s Concrete" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202310.1834.v2
Abstract
This study aims at the sustainable valorization of eggshells (ES) from different countries of origin in cement concrete as a cement replacement for Hong Kong. For this purpose, sixteen different eggs from different regions across the world were selected from the local market. Firstly, the extent of uniformity in the weight and mineral content of sampled eggshells were assessed by a specific gravity test and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. It was found that specific gravity varies between 2.02 and 2.39, with an average value of 2.20 ± 0.01, whereas CaCO3 varies between 94.65% and 97.23%, with an average value of 96.33%. These values were a bit lower than those of extra-pure limestone (LS) because of the organic part and the porous structure of eggshells. Secondly, three different eggshells were selected for cement replacement in cement concrete, both in the uncalcined and calcined states, based on having the highest, medium, and lowest CaCO3 content, respectively. To get the calcined eggshells, the eggshells were calcined at 800oC for three hours. It was found that the strength of eggshells varies with CaCO3, but the variation was acceptable. The calcined eggshells showed comparatively more compressive strength and were close to the LS because of the free CaO and the absence of an organic part. In general, the variation in the basic properties of eggshells from different regions across the world is negligible and suitable to use as a cement replacement with acceptable variation in strength in Hong Kong.
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
27 December 2023
Commenter:
Muhammad Afzal
Commenter's Conflict of Interests:
Author
Comment: The following details have been incorporated into the second version of the article: - The title of the paper has been changed to make it more purpose-specific. - Emphasis has been made by taking Hong Kong as a case study. - The egg consumption data by FAO has been updated, including the domestic supply of eggs, average consumption of eggs per capita, import quantity of eggs, and export quantity of eggs in the introduction part. - The attitude of Hong Kong’s public toward waste eggshell recycling has been included in the introduction part.
,
,
Commenter: Muhammad Afzal
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author
- The title of the paper has been changed to make it more purpose-specific.
- Emphasis has been made by taking Hong Kong as a case study.
- The egg consumption data by FAO has been updated, including the domestic supply of eggs, average consumption of eggs per capita, import quantity of eggs, and export quantity of eggs in the introduction part.
- The attitude of Hong Kong’s public toward waste eggshell recycling has been included in the introduction part.