Version 1
: Received: 22 September 2023 / Approved: 25 September 2023 / Online: 25 September 2023 (07:27:00 CEST)
How to cite:
Klučáková, M.; Krouská, J.; Kalina, M. Interactions of Metal Ions with Fulvic Acids: Particle Size Distribution, Colloidal Stability and Thermodynamic Aspects. Preprints2023, 2023091610. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1610.v1
Klučáková, M.; Krouská, J.; Kalina, M. Interactions of Metal Ions with Fulvic Acids: Particle Size Distribution, Colloidal Stability and Thermodynamic Aspects. Preprints 2023, 2023091610. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1610.v1
Klučáková, M.; Krouská, J.; Kalina, M. Interactions of Metal Ions with Fulvic Acids: Particle Size Distribution, Colloidal Stability and Thermodynamic Aspects. Preprints2023, 2023091610. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1610.v1
APA Style
Klučáková, M., Krouská, J., & Kalina, M. (2023). Interactions of Metal Ions with Fulvic Acids: Particle Size Distribution, Colloidal Stability and Thermodynamic Aspects. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1610.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Klučáková, M., Jitka Krouská and Michal Kalina. 2023 "Interactions of Metal Ions with Fulvic Acids: Particle Size Distribution, Colloidal Stability and Thermodynamic Aspects" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1610.v1
Abstract
The interactions of metal ions with fulvic acids resulted in changes in the particle size and charge. Particle size distribution was trimodal for fulvic acids, bimodal for fulvic complexes with calcium and magnesium, and copper-fulvic complexes had only one size fraction. The compensation of negative charge of carboxylic and phenolic functional groups by positive charged metal ions resulted in the increase in zeta potential which was getting closer to zero in the case of copper-fulvic complexes. However, all metal humic complexes behaved as colloidally unstable which resulted in visually observable sedimentation. Calorimetric measurements provided positive values of changes in enthalpy which indicated endothermic processes. In contrast quantum chemical calculations as well as experiments with model compounds provided negative values indicated exothermic processes. Changes in Gibbs energy were determined as negative and changes in entropy as positive which meant spontaneous processes.
Keywords
fulvic acid; metal ion; interaction; thermodynamics; particle size; charge
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Soil Science
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
