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Right to Left Shunt Evaluation in Cardiac Patent Foramen Ovale Using Bubble Contrast Transcranial Color Coded Doppler: Focused on Cryptogenic Stroke Case
Ji, M.-H.; Seoung, Y.-H. Right-to-Left Shunt Evaluation in Cardiac Patent Foramen Ovale Using Bubble Contrast Transcranial Color-Coded Doppler: A Cryptogenic Stroke Case. Healthcare2023, 11, 2655.
Ji, M.-H.; Seoung, Y.-H. Right-to-Left Shunt Evaluation in Cardiac Patent Foramen Ovale Using Bubble Contrast Transcranial Color-Coded Doppler: A Cryptogenic Stroke Case. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2655.
Ji, M.-H.; Seoung, Y.-H. Right-to-Left Shunt Evaluation in Cardiac Patent Foramen Ovale Using Bubble Contrast Transcranial Color-Coded Doppler: A Cryptogenic Stroke Case. Healthcare2023, 11, 2655.
Ji, M.-H.; Seoung, Y.-H. Right-to-Left Shunt Evaluation in Cardiac Patent Foramen Ovale Using Bubble Contrast Transcranial Color-Coded Doppler: A Cryptogenic Stroke Case. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2655.
Abstract
Traditional diagnosis of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in the heart has involved the use of transcranial doppler (TCD). However, TCD is essentially a blind test that cannot directly visualize the location of blood vessels. Since TCD relies on qualitative assessments by examiners, there is room for errors, such as misalignment of the ultrasound's angle of incidence with the actual blood vessels. This limitation affects the reproducibility and consistency of the examination. In this study, we presented an alternative approach for assessing right-to-left shunt (RLS) associated with PFO using contrast transcranial color-coded doppler (C-TCCD) with bubble contrast. The patient under consideration had been diagnosed with an ischemic stroke through imaging, but the subsequent cardiac work-up failed to determine the cause. Employing C-TCCD for RLS screening revealed a confirmed RLS of Spencer’s three grades. Subsequently, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was conducted to evaluate PFO risk factors, confirming an 8 mm PFO size, a 21 mm tunnel length, a hypermobile interatrial septum, and persistent RLS. The calculated high-risk PFO score was 4 points, categorizing it as a very high-risk PFO. This case underscores the importance of C-TCCD screening in detecting RLS associated with PFO, especially in cryptogenic stroke patients when identifying the underlying cause of ischemic stroke becomes challenging.
Keywords
Heart; Patent foramen ovale; Right to left shunt; Bubble contrast; Transcranial color coded doppler
Subject
Public Health and Healthcare, Public Health and Health Services
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
