Altmetrics
Downloads
160
Views
53
Comments
0
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
21 July 2023
Posted:
24 July 2023
You are already at the latest version
Pathway | Conventional energy use (MJ) | Energy efficiency (%) | GHGs emission (kg CO2 eq) | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Thermochemical Conversion | 256.8 | 43-70 | 2.14 | [154] |
Dark Fermentation | 61.7 | 1-10 | -87 | [155] |
Photo Fermentation | 40.1 | 1-25 | -21.9 | [155] |
Dark+ Photofermentation | 39.3 | 27.2 | -19.5 | [156] |
Microbial Electrolysis | 64.8 | 6-26 | -17.5 | [156] |
Feedstock | Preparation of Feedstock | Microorganism | pH | Temperature (°C) | H2 yield (mL/g VS) | [Ref.] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dairy manure | Treatment with hydrochloric acid (0.2% concentration), boiling, and exposure to infrared radiation. | Mixed culture | 5.0 | 36.0 ± 1 | 31.5 | [12] |
Poplar residue with sewage sludge | - | - | - | - | 20.8 | [22] |
Rice straw | Drying at 80-100 C | Activated sewage sludge | 4.0-5.5 | 35.0 | 14.5 + 0.3 | [23] |
Rice straw | Size reduction less than 2 mm, 1.0% alkali pre-treatment, cellulose hydrolysis | Clostridium pasteurianum | 7.5 | 37.0 ± 2 | 2.6(47.6 mL/g released sugar) | [24] |
Sugarcane bagasse | Pre-treated with H2SO4 | Enterobacter aerogenes | 6.8 | 30.0 | 1000.0 | |
Wheat straw | Acetic acid pre-treatment followed by steam exposure at 190 °C for 10 minutes and enzymatic hydrolysis lasting 72 hours | Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus | 6.5±0.1 | 70.0 | 134.0 |
Feedstock | Microorganisms | Enzyme | H2 yield | [Ref.] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Potato residue | Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodobacter capsulatus and Rhodopseudomonas palustris | Alpha-amylase | 642 mL /(L h) | [36] |
Bread Waste | R. palustris | - | 3.1 mol H2/mol | [37] |
Corn stalk | Rhodospirillum rubrum, R. capsulata, R. pulastris, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodobacter capsulatus | Cellulose | 23.96 mL/h H2 | [38] |
Fermented Waste Food | Rhodobacter sphaeoides KD131 | - | 24 % Substrate conversion efficiency (%) | [39] |
Corncob | Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodobacter capsulatus, Rhodopseudomonas palustri | Cellulase | 84.7 mL H2/g TS | [40] |
Corn stover | HAU-M1 | Cellulase | 57.63 mL/g VS | [41] |
Corn straw | Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodopseudomonas capsulate, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodobacter capsulatus | Cellulase | 137.76 mL H2/g TS | [42] |
Energy grass | Rhodospirillum rubrum, R. capsulata, R. pulastris, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodoba | Cellulase | 5.53 mL H2/(h g TS) | [43] |
Microalgae/cyanobacteria | Process condition | Light Intensity(W/m2 ) | H2 production | [Ref.] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nostoc PCC 7120 | BG110 medium, supplied with a mixture of red and white light, altering 100% Ar and Ar/N2 (20/80) | 18.8 | 6.2 ml/L/h | [48] |
C. reinhardtii cbn 1–48 | Tris-acetate-phosphate medium, 5% CO2, dark anaerobic adaptation | 426.6 | 40.2 mL/kg | [47] |
C. reinhardtii Dang 137+ | TAP (Tris-acetate-phosphate) medium | 34.1 | 6.0 mmol/L | [49] |
Chlorella sp. IOAC707S | TAP-seawater medium | 10.7 | 38.0 mL/L | [50] |
yngby asp. (benzoate as a carbon source) | Basal medium, 600 mg/l benzoate at late exponential phase | 31.6 | 17.1 μmol H2/g Chl a/h | [51] |
C. reinhardtii (CC124) | Sulphur-free TAP medium | 64.0 | 1.3 ± 0.1 mL/L/h | [52] |
C. reinhardtii CC-425 strain | TAP medium, TAP-sulphur | 121.6 | 0.8 μmol/mg Chl /h | [53] |
Type of waste | Type of MEC reactor | Temperature (°C) | pH | External voltage (V) | H2 yield (L/L/d) | [Ref.] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Swine manure + waste water | Two-chamber | 25.0 ± 2 | 7.0 | 1.2 | 5.1 | [58] |
Waste activated sludge | Single-chamber | 20.0 | 7.0 ± 0.2 | 0.6 | 90.6 | [66] |
Waste of sugar beet juice | Two-chamber | 25.0 | 7.2 | 0.4 | 306.0 | [63] |
Cornstalk wastewater | Two-chamber | 25.0 ± 2 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 3.9 | [69] |
Type of Biomass | Type of gasification | Operating Conditions | H2 Yield | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pine Sawdust | Steam Blown | S/B=1.05-3.47 Temperature 800-950 °C |
55.87 % Volume | [90] |
Wood Chips | Steam Blown | S/B= 0.18-1.32 Temperature: 800-950 °C |
50.3 % Volume | [91] |
Sawdust | Steam and Oxy Blown | S/B= 1.1-4.7 ER= 0-0.37 Temperature: 750-950 °C |
57.4 % Volume | [92] |
Lignocellulosic Biomass | Air | ER=0.20-0.34 Temperature: 600-1000 °C |
29.54 % Volume | [93] |
Sawdust | Supercritical water | Temperature: 550 °C Pressure: 36-40 MPa |
10.40 mol/kg | [94] |
Corn Starch | Supercritical water | Temperature: 745 °C Pressure: 280 bar |
55 % volume | [95] |
Standard | ISO 14687-2019 SAE J2719-202003 |
---|---|
Purity of Hydrogen | 99.97% |
Total non hydrogen gases | 300 ppm |
H2O | 5 ppm |
hydrocarbons without CH4 | 2 ppm |
CH4 | 100 ppm |
O2 | 5 ppm |
He | 300 ppm |
N2 | 300 ppm |
Ar | 300 ppm |
CO2 | 2 ppm |
CO | 0.2 ppm |
S.No | Technology | Type of Cleaning Methods | Tar removal efficiency (%) | Operational temperature ( oC) | Rank | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Cyclonic separator | Dry | 30-70 | 100-900 | 10 | [128] |
2. | Fabric filter | Dry | 0-50 | Up to 600 | 12 | [128] |
3. | Sand bed filter | Dry | 50-90 | 20 | 6 | [128] |
4. | Bio-Oil scrubber | Wet | 60 | 50 | 11 | [129] |
5. | Quartz filter | Dry | 75-95 | 650-770 | 5 | [130] |
6. | Activated carbon as adsorbent | Dry | 80 | 20 | 4 | [129] |
7. | Electrostatic precipitator | Wet | 40-70 | 20-30 | 9 | [131] |
8. | Permeable catalytic filter disk [Aluminum Oxide (2.5%wt) ; Nickle (1.0% wt); Magnesium (0.5%wt)] | Dry | 77-99 | 800900 | 3 | [132] |
9. | Permeable catalytic filter disk [Nickle (1%wt)/ Calcium Oxide (0.5%wt)] | Dry | 96-98 | 900 | 1 | [133] |
10. | Impinger | Wet | 70 | 50 | 8 | [134] |
11. | Three impingers in series | Wet | >95 | 50 | 2 | [134] |
12. | Washing tower | Wet | 10-25 | 50-60 | 14 | [128] |
13. | Venturi scrubber | Wet | 50-90 | 20-100 | 6 | [135] |
14. | Packed bed scrubber | Wet | 75 | 300 | 7 | [136] |
15. | Water scrubber | Wet | 22 | 20-100 | 13 | [135] |
Sorbent | Ideal sorption capacity (g S/g sorbent) | Operating Temperature (OC) | Rank | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cerium oxide | 0.093 | 500-700 | 7 | [143] |
Copper oxide | 0.224 | 540-700 | 6 | [143] |
Zinc Copper Ferrite | 0.398 | 540-680 | 3 | [143] |
Zinc oxide | 0.395 | 450-650 | 4 | [144] |
Manganese oxide | 0.400 | 400-900 | 2 | [143] |
Iron oxide | 0.245 | 450-700 | 5 | [145] |
Lime Powder | 0.571 | 815-980 | 1 | [146] |
H2 production processes | Advantages | Constraint |
---|---|---|
Dark fermentation |
|
|
Photo fermentation |
|
|
Bio photolysis |
|
|
MEC |
|
|
Gasification |
|
|
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated