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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
Characteristic | |
---|---|
Age (years) | 35.6 (32.9, 38.7) |
Weight (kg) | 60.5 (55.2, 70.6) |
Height (cm) | 164.1 (6.5) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.1 (20.6, 24.8) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) category | |
Underweight (<18.5) | 4 (3.5%) |
Normal (18.5-24.9) | 84 (73.7%) |
Overweight (25-29.9) | 15 (13.2%) |
Obese (≥30) | 11 (9.6%) |
Current BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 (21.1, 25.1) |
Current BMI (kg/m2) category | |
Underweight (<18.5) | 4 (3.5%) |
Normal (18.5-24.9) | 81 (71.1%) |
Overweight (25-29.9) | 16 (14.0%) |
Obese (≥30) | 13 (11.4%) |
Gestational weight gain (kg) | 11.3 (9.0, 14.0) |
Postpartum weight retention (kg) | 1.0 (−0.6, 2.5) |
Number of living children | |
0 a–1 | 63 (55.3%) |
2 | 39 (34.2%) |
≥3 | 12 (10.5%) |
Country of origin: Spain | 102 (89.5%) |
Education level | |
Secondary studies | 2 (1.8%) |
Technical studies | 14 (12.3%) |
University studies | 98 (86.0%) |
Currently working | 50 (43.9%) |
Physical activity | |
Sedentary | 26 (22.8%) |
Low active | 60 (52.6%) |
Active/very active | 28 (24.6%) |
Tobacco consumption | |
Previously | 28 (24.6%) |
Currently | 1 (0.9%) |
Passive smoking | 24 (21.1%) |
Active smoking | 1 (0.9%) |
Alcohol consumption | |
Prior to pregnancy | 55 (48.2%) |
During pregnancy | 1 (0.9%) |
Currently | 4 (3.5%) |
Season during the study | |
Spring | 30 (26.3%) |
n (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Diseases 1 | 41 (36.0%) | |
Endocrinological and metabolic diseases* | 10 (8.8%) | |
Cardiovascular diseases (hypertension) | 1 (0.9%) | |
Respiratory diseases (asthma) | 6 (5.3%) | |
Immune diseases (allergy, psoriasis, atopia) | 7 (6.1%) | |
Spinal/medullary pathology | 6 (5.3%) | |
Miscellaneous ** | 13 (11.4%) | |
Medication intake 1 | 12 (10.5%) | |
Oral contraceptives | 4 (3.5%) | |
Thyroid hormone replacement therapy | 4 (3.5%) | |
Other medicines *** | 5 (4.4%) | |
Twin pregnancy | 4 (3.5%) | |
Problems in the last pregnancy 1 | 36 (31.6%) | |
Thyroid disorders | 17 (14.9%) | |
Preeclampsia | 2 (1.8%) | |
Gestational diabetes | 2 (1.8%) | |
Intrauterine fetal growth restriction | 6 (5.3%) | |
Intrauterine fetal death | 3 (2.6%) | |
Other problems **** | 11 (9.6%) |
Characteristic | n* | |
---|---|---|
Gestational age (weeks) | 114 | 39+4 (38+2, 40+2); 22+6–42+3 |
Boy | 116 | 55 (47.4%) |
Birth weight (grams) | 3195.0 (2795.0, 3472.5); 450.0-4640.0 | |
Birth weight percentile 1 | ||
≤25 | 32 (27.6%) | |
25–75 | 73 (62.9%) | |
≥75 | 11 (9.5%) | |
Age of infant (months) | ||
0–6 | 45 (39.5%) | |
6–12 | 43 (37.7%) | |
12–50 | 26 (22.8%) | |
Postmenstrual age of preterm infants (weeks) | 19 | 50.3 (38.6, 78.2) |
Weight percentile of breastfed child 2 | 113 | |
≤15 | 17 (15.0%) | |
15–85 | 77 (68.1%) | |
≥85 | 19 (16.8%) |
Characteristic | n | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Donor previously | 114 | 20 (17.5%) |
Duration of lactation of the previous child (months) |
51 a |
|
0 | 1(2.0%) | |
3-6 | 2 (3.9%) | |
6-12 | 10 (19.6%) | |
12-24 | 22 (43.1%) | |
≥24 | 16 (3.3%) | |
Current lactation stage (months) | 114 | 7.0 (4.8, 12.0); 1.8-50 |
Type of lactation |
113 b |
|
Exclusive | 52 (46.0%) | |
Partial | 61 (54.0%) | |
Sum of child direct breastfeeding times plus daily pumped sessions <5 5–10 >10 Missing data |
114 |
12 (10.5%) 66 (57.9%) 33 (28.9%) 3 (2.6%) |
Tandem breastfeeding | 114 | 5 (4.4%) |
Breastfeeding twins | 114 | 1 (0.9%) |
Type of milk expression * Manual Mechanical breast pump Simple electric breast pump Double electric breast pump |
114 |
7 (6.1%) 12 (10.5%) 82 (71.9%) 15 (13.2%) |
Nutrient | Donors | |
---|---|---|
n | Mean (SE) | |
Macronutrients (g/100 mL milk) | ||
Lipids | 103 | 3.13 (0.17) |
Carbohydrates | 7.73 (0.03) | |
Proteins | 1.17 (0.03) | |
Lipid classes (g/100 g fat) | ||
Triacylglycerols | 20 | 96.19 (93.87, 97.26) |
Diacylglycerols | 3.43 (2.47, 5.50) | |
Monoacylglycerols | 0.03 (0.02, 0.07) | |
Free fatty acids + cholesterol | 0.31 (0.22, 0.51) | |
Polar lipids | 0.05 (0.01) | |
Phospholipids (g/100 g of polar lipids) | ||
Phosphatidylethanolamine | 20 | 24.63 (7.88) |
Phosphatidylcholine | 30.95 (5.00) | |
Sphingomyelin | 44.43 (11.09) | |
Triacylglycerols (g/100 g fat) | ||
CN24 | 20 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) |
CN26 | 0.10 (0.03) | |
CN28 | 0.07 (0.05, 0.12) | |
CN30 | 0.19 (0.14, 0.27) | |
CN32 | 0.26 (0.19, 0.41) | |
CN34 | 0.33 (0.13, 0.44) | |
CN36 | 0.36 (0.22, 0.65) | |
CN38 | 1.57 (0.68) | |
CN40 | 2.02 (0.54) | |
CN42 | 2.70 (0.91) | |
CN44 | 5.02 (1.37) | |
CN46 | 7.51 (1.50) | |
CN48 | 10.72 (1.43) | |
CN50 | 14.71 (2.16) | |
CN52 | 36.89 (4.83) | |
CN54 | 17.30 (5.10) |
Fatty Acid (%) | Common Name | Donors (n = 108) | Reference Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|
European [35] 1 | World [59] 2 | |||
Saturated Fatty Acids (SFAs) | ||||
C6:0 | Caproic | 0.11 (0.02) | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.47 |
C8:0 | Caprylic | 0.18 (0.16, 0.21) | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.21 ± 0.22 |
C10:0 | Capric | 1.20 (0.29) | 1.44 ± 0.34 | 1.37 ± 0.86 |
C12:0 | Lauric | 5.42 (1.58) | 5.46 ± 1.84 | 5.7 ± 2.81 |
C14:0 | Myristic | 5.88 (4.91, 7.75) | 6.19 ± 1.93 | 6.56 ± 3.05 |
C15:0 | Pentadecanoic | 0.18 (0.13, 0.25) | ||
C15:0 ai | C15:0 anteiso | 0.02 (0.02, 0.03) | ||
C15:0 i | C15:0 iso | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05) | ||
C16:0 i | C16:0 iso | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | ||
C16:0 | Palmitic | 19.61 (2.45) | 21.94 ± 2.92 | 21.5 ± 4.82 |
C17:0 ai | C17:0 anteiso | 0.04 (0.03, 0.06) | ||
C17:0 i | C17:0 iso | 0.27 (0.06) | ||
C17:0 | Margaric | 0.19 (0.15, 0.23) | 0.31 ± 0.15 | |
C18:0 | Stearic | 5.72 (4.96, 6.49) | 6.68 ± 1.59 | 6.36 ± 2.07 |
C20:0 | Arachidic | 0.16 (0.11, 0.21) | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 0.17 |
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFAs) | ||||
C14:1 cis-9 (n5) | Myristoleic | 0.07 (0.04, 0.11) | ||
C16:1 cis-9 (n7) | Palmitoleic | 1.47 (1.19, 1.76) | 2.21 ± 0.64 | 2.3 ± 0.92 |
C17:1 | Margaroleic | 0.07 (0.03) | ||
∑ C18:1 trans | 0.22 (0.13, 0.34) | 0.66 ± 0.35 | ||
C18:1 cis-9 (n9) | Oleic | 38.23 (4.98) | 35.59 ± 4.17 | 32.6 ± 5.84 |
C18:1 cis-11 (n7) | Cis vaccenic | 1.61 (0.28) | 2.38 ± 0.53 | |
C20:1 (n9) | Gondoic | 0.53 (0.36, 0.82) | 0.38 ± 0.12 | 0.46 ± 0.28 |
n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-6 PUFAs) | ||||
C18:2 (n6) | Linoleic (LA) | 14.79 (12.37, 17.19) | 14.00 ± 4.95 | 15.7 ± 7.15 |
C20:2 (n6) | Eicosadienoic | 0.25 (0.19, 0.35) | 0.26 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.19 |
C20:3 (n6) | Dihomo-γ-linolenic | 0.33 (0.23, 0.44) | 0.31 ± 0.09 | 0.37 ± 0.18 |
C20:4 (n6) | Arachidonic (AA) | 0.54 (0.18) | 0.44 ± 0.12 | 0.50 ± 0.25 |
n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 PUFAs) | ||||
C18:3 (n3) | Linolenic (ALA) | 0.50 (0.40, 0.62) | 0.94 ± 0.55 | 1.11 ± 1.05 |
C22:5 (n3) | Docosapentaenoic (DPA) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.11) | ||
C22:6 (n3) | Docosahexaenoic (DHA) | 0.28 (0.17, 0.45) | 0.34 ± 0.35 | 0.37 ± 0.31 |
n-7 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-7 PUFAs) | ||||
C18:2 c9, t11 (n7) | Rumenic | 0.08 (0.04, 0.12) | ||
Fatty acid families | ||||
Not identified | 0.20 (0.15, 0.25) | |||
SFAs | 39.83 (37.0, 42.1) | 42.23 ± 5.29 | 42.2 ± 7.73 | |
MUFAs | 42.49 (5.22) | 41.34 ± 4.48 | 36.3 ± 6.46 | |
PUFAs | 16.71 (14.83, 19.37) | 16.43 ± 5.07 | 21.2 ± 8.18 | |
SCFAs | 0.11 (0.10, 0.12) | |||
MCFAs (C8-C15) | 13.02 (11.13, 16.18) | |||
LCFAs (C16-C18) | 84.0 (80.71, 86.35) | |||
VLCFAs (C20-C24) | 2.34 (2.02, 3.16) | |||
n-6 PUFAs | 15.77 (13.46, 18.44) | 17.8 ± 7.51 | ||
n-3 PUFAs | 0.87 (0.72, 1.17) | 1.88 ± 2.63 | ||
n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs | 17.21 (13.31, 24.81) | |||
LA/ALA ratio | 28.68 (22.52, 40.31) | |||
ARA/DHA ratio | 1.83 (1.32, 3.06) | 1.68 ± 0.89 |
Nutrient 1 | Donors | Mature Milk Nutrient Concentration Reference |
|
---|---|---|---|
n | Concentration | ||
Free thiamin, B1 (UPLC-MS/MS) mcg/L | 113 | 18.10 (10.03, 28.43) | Free thiamin 18.5 [60] Total thiamin 180 [61] |
Free riboflavin, B2 (UPLC-MS/MS) mcg/L | 113 | 47.30 (23.58, 99.90) | Free riboflavin 11.2 [60] Total riboflavin 364 [62] |
Nicotinamide, B3 (UPLC-MS/MS) mcg/L | 113 | 46.73 (28.50, 82.58) | Nicotinamide 275 [60] Total niacin 2100 [63] |
Pantothenic acid, B5 (UPLC-MS/MS) mcg/L | 113 | 2264.90 (1864.90, 2540.00) | 2500 [64] 1304 [60] |
Pyridoxal, B6 (UPLC-MS/MS) mcg/L | 113 | 36.73 (27.80, 53.30) | Pyridoxal 96 [60] B6 130 [65] |
Folic acid, B9 (UPLC-MS/MS) mcg/L | 113 | 19.88 (7.02) | Folate 80 [65] |
Cobalamin, B12 (Competitive immunoassay) | 113 | ||
pM | 490.63 (74.30) | ||
mcg/L | 0.66 (0.10) | 0.5 [66] | |
Ascorbic acid (HPLC-DAD) mg/dL | 112 | 3.91 (1.71) | |
Dehydroascorbic acid (HPLC-DAD) mg/dL | 112 | 1.91 (1.29, 3.38) | |
Vitamin C * (HPLC-DAD) | 112 | ||
mg/dL | 6.37 (1.41) | ||
mg/L | 63.70 (14.10) | 35–90 [67] | |
Retinol (HPLC with fluorescence and UV detector) | 112 | ||
mcg/dL | 41.15 (26.80, 72.48) | ||
mcg/L | 411.50 (268.00, 724.80) | 530 [68] | |
Vitamin D3 (UPLC–electrospray ionization/tandem MS) | 112 | ||
pg/mL | 1603.65 (373.83, 5279.93) | ||
mcg/L | 1.60 (0.37, 5.28) | 0.25–2 [69] | |
25(OH)D3 (UPLC–electrospray ionization/tandem MS) | 112 | ||
pg/mL | 53.90 (27.13, 109.85) | ||
mcg/L | 0.05 (0.03, 0.11) | ||
α-tocopherol (HPLC with fluorescence and UV detector) | 112 | ||
mcg/dL | 463.80 (373.33, 586.76) | ||
mg/L | 4.64 (3.73, 5.87) | 4.6 [70] | |
γ-tocopherol (HPLC with fluorescence and UV detector) | 112 | ||
mcg/dL | 50.19 (36.43, 67.08) | ||
mg/L | 0.50 (0.36, 0.67) | 0.45 [60] | |
Vitamin E (as TE) ** | 112 | ||
mcg/dL | 488.02 (163.13) | ||
mg/L | 4.88 (1.63) | 5.2 [60] | |
Iodine (ICP-MS) ppb (mcg/L) | 113 | 148.45 (98.95, 204.98) | 50–100 [65] 100–200 [71,72] |
Calcium (ICP-MS) ppm (mg/L) | 113 | 99.10 (59.70, 127.35) | 200–300 [73] |
Phosphorous (ICP-MS) ppm (mg/L) | 113 | 132.47 (114.00, 150.40) | 120–140 [65,74] |
Selenium (ICP-MS) ppb (mcg/L) | 113 | 10.88 (9.30, 12.68) | 18 [75] |
Fatty Acids (% of Total Fatty Acids) |
Associated Variables | Beta | Std. Err. | t | P>|t| | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SFAs a Observations = 105 R2 = 0.34 |
DMA in erythrocytes (% of fat in erythrocytes) |
2.700 | 0.795 | 3.40 | 0.001 | [1.122, 4.277] |
Plasma C18:0 (% of fat in plasma) |
2.023 | 0.550 | 3.68 | <0.001 | [0.932, 3.114] | |
C17:1 in erythrocytes (% of fat in erythrocytes) |
-13.556 | 3.565 | -3.80 | <0.001 | [-20.629, -6.483] | |
Trans fatty acids (average % intake per day during the dietary record) |
5.789 | 2.171 | 2.67 | 0.009 | [1.481, 10.097] | |
Breastfeeding time (months) | 0.203 | 0.071 | 2.86 | 0.005 | [0.062, 0.344] | |
Total MUFAs b Observations = 103 R2 = 0.16 |
Plasma MUFAs (% of fat in plasma) |
0.458 | 0.165 | 2.77 | 0.007 | [0.130, 0.786] |
C17:1 in erythrocytes (% of fat in erythrocytes) |
13.523 | 4.895 | 2.76 | 0.007 | [3.810,23.235] | |
Total PUFAs Observations = 108 R2 = 0.04 |
PUFAs (average intake g/day during the dietary record) |
0.139 | 0.062 | 2.23 | 0.028 | [0.015, .263] |
Linoleic Acid c Observations = 106 R2 = 0.10 |
Linoleic acid in erythrocytes (% of fat in erythrocytes) |
0.633 | 0.209 | 3.02 | 0.003 | [0.217, 1.048] |
Meat, fish, eggs (average servings/day during the dietary record) |
0.684 | 0.281 | 2.44 | 0.016 | [0.128, 1.241] | |
DHA d Observations = 104 R2 = 0.45 |
Plasma DHA (% of fat in plasma) |
0.164 | 0.334 | 4.91 | <0.001 | [0.098, 0.230] |
DHA (average intake g/day during the dietary record) |
0.382 | 0.075 | 5.12 | <0.001 | [0.234, 0.530] | |
Total Omega-3 e Observations = 106 R2 = 0.29 |
DHA (average intake g/day during the diet diary) |
0.783 | 0.120 | 6.51 | <0.001 | [0.544, 1.021] |
Vitamins | Associated Variables | Beta | Std. Err. | t | P>|t| | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Free thiamin, B1 (mcg/L) Observations = 113 R2 = 0.12 |
Plasma thiamin (mcg/L) | 10.817 | 4.915 | 2.20 | 0.030 | [1.075, 20.559] |
Milk and dairy products (average servings/day during the diet diary) | -2.880 | 1.090 | -2.64 | 0.009 | [-5.040, -0.720] | |
Breastfeeding time (months) |
-0.494 | 0.210 | -2.35 | 0.021 | [-0.911, -0.077] | |
Free riboflavin, VB2 (mcg/L) a Observations = 100 R2 = 0.21 |
Riboflavin intake (average mg/day during the dietary record) | 20.991 | 8.758 | 2.40 | 0.018 | [3.609, 38.373] |
Vitamin B2 supplementation during lactation (receiving or not) | 39.742 | 15.258 | 2.60 | 0.011 | [9.459, 70.024] | |
Pyridoxal, B6 (mcg/L) b Observations = 106 R2 = 0.17 |
Vitamin B6 supplementation during pregnancy (receiving or not) |
11.629 | 3.114 | 3.73 | <0.001 | [5.454, 17.804] |
Breastfeeding time (months) | -0.776 | 0.273 | -2.84 | 0.005 | [-1.318, -0.234] | |
Dehidroascorbic acid (mg/dL) Observations = 112 R2 = 0.15 |
Plasma ascorbic acid (mcM) | -0.014 | 0.005 | -2.92 | 0.004 | [-0.024, -0.005] |
Fruits (average servings/day during the dietary record) |
0.271 | 0.128 | 2.12 | 0.036 | [0.018, 0.524] | |
Breastfeeding time (months) | -0.062 | 0.025 | -2.47 | 0.015 | [-0.112, -0.012] | |
Cholecalciferol (pg/mL) c Observations = 32 R2 = 0.57 |
Plasma cholecalciferol (pg/mL) | 17.342 | 4.238 | 4.09 | <0.001 | [3.178, 23.510] |
Milk and dairy products (average servings/day during the dietary record) | 520.533 | 168.819 | 3.08 | 0.005 | [174.722, 866.343] | |
25 (OH) D3 (pg/mL) d Observations = 99 R2 = 0.24 |
Plasma 1,25 (OH)2 D3 (pg/mL) | 0.156 | 0.042 | 3.73 | <0.001 | [0.073, 0.238] |
Vitamin D supplementation during lactation (receiving or not) |
35.673 | 12.569 | 2.84 | 0.006 | [10.720, 60.625] | |
Breastfeeding time (months) | 2.225 | 1.076 | 2.07 | 0.041 | [0.089, 4.360] |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Submitted:
22 July 2023
Posted:
25 July 2023
You are already at the latest version
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
Submitted:
22 July 2023
Posted:
25 July 2023
You are already at the latest version
Characteristic | |
---|---|
Age (years) | 35.6 (32.9, 38.7) |
Weight (kg) | 60.5 (55.2, 70.6) |
Height (cm) | 164.1 (6.5) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.1 (20.6, 24.8) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) category | |
Underweight (<18.5) | 4 (3.5%) |
Normal (18.5-24.9) | 84 (73.7%) |
Overweight (25-29.9) | 15 (13.2%) |
Obese (≥30) | 11 (9.6%) |
Current BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 (21.1, 25.1) |
Current BMI (kg/m2) category | |
Underweight (<18.5) | 4 (3.5%) |
Normal (18.5-24.9) | 81 (71.1%) |
Overweight (25-29.9) | 16 (14.0%) |
Obese (≥30) | 13 (11.4%) |
Gestational weight gain (kg) | 11.3 (9.0, 14.0) |
Postpartum weight retention (kg) | 1.0 (−0.6, 2.5) |
Number of living children | |
0 a–1 | 63 (55.3%) |
2 | 39 (34.2%) |
≥3 | 12 (10.5%) |
Country of origin: Spain | 102 (89.5%) |
Education level | |
Secondary studies | 2 (1.8%) |
Technical studies | 14 (12.3%) |
University studies | 98 (86.0%) |
Currently working | 50 (43.9%) |
Physical activity | |
Sedentary | 26 (22.8%) |
Low active | 60 (52.6%) |
Active/very active | 28 (24.6%) |
Tobacco consumption | |
Previously | 28 (24.6%) |
Currently | 1 (0.9%) |
Passive smoking | 24 (21.1%) |
Active smoking | 1 (0.9%) |
Alcohol consumption | |
Prior to pregnancy | 55 (48.2%) |
During pregnancy | 1 (0.9%) |
Currently | 4 (3.5%) |
Season during the study | |
Spring | 30 (26.3%) |
n (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Diseases 1 | 41 (36.0%) | |
Endocrinological and metabolic diseases* | 10 (8.8%) | |
Cardiovascular diseases (hypertension) | 1 (0.9%) | |
Respiratory diseases (asthma) | 6 (5.3%) | |
Immune diseases (allergy, psoriasis, atopia) | 7 (6.1%) | |
Spinal/medullary pathology | 6 (5.3%) | |
Miscellaneous ** | 13 (11.4%) | |
Medication intake 1 | 12 (10.5%) | |
Oral contraceptives | 4 (3.5%) | |
Thyroid hormone replacement therapy | 4 (3.5%) | |
Other medicines *** | 5 (4.4%) | |
Twin pregnancy | 4 (3.5%) | |
Problems in the last pregnancy 1 | 36 (31.6%) | |
Thyroid disorders | 17 (14.9%) | |
Preeclampsia | 2 (1.8%) | |
Gestational diabetes | 2 (1.8%) | |
Intrauterine fetal growth restriction | 6 (5.3%) | |
Intrauterine fetal death | 3 (2.6%) | |
Other problems **** | 11 (9.6%) |
Characteristic | n* | |
---|---|---|
Gestational age (weeks) | 114 | 39+4 (38+2, 40+2); 22+6–42+3 |
Boy | 116 | 55 (47.4%) |
Birth weight (grams) | 3195.0 (2795.0, 3472.5); 450.0-4640.0 | |
Birth weight percentile 1 | ||
≤25 | 32 (27.6%) | |
25–75 | 73 (62.9%) | |
≥75 | 11 (9.5%) | |
Age of infant (months) | ||
0–6 | 45 (39.5%) | |
6–12 | 43 (37.7%) | |
12–50 | 26 (22.8%) | |
Postmenstrual age of preterm infants (weeks) | 19 | 50.3 (38.6, 78.2) |
Weight percentile of breastfed child 2 | 113 | |
≤15 | 17 (15.0%) | |
15–85 | 77 (68.1%) | |
≥85 | 19 (16.8%) |
Characteristic | n | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Donor previously | 114 | 20 (17.5%) |
Duration of lactation of the previous child (months) |
51 a |
|
0 | 1(2.0%) | |
3-6 | 2 (3.9%) | |
6-12 | 10 (19.6%) | |
12-24 | 22 (43.1%) | |
≥24 | 16 (3.3%) | |
Current lactation stage (months) | 114 | 7.0 (4.8, 12.0); 1.8-50 |
Type of lactation |
113 b |
|
Exclusive | 52 (46.0%) | |
Partial | 61 (54.0%) | |
Sum of child direct breastfeeding times plus daily pumped sessions <5 5–10 >10 Missing data |
114 |
12 (10.5%) 66 (57.9%) 33 (28.9%) 3 (2.6%) |
Tandem breastfeeding | 114 | 5 (4.4%) |
Breastfeeding twins | 114 | 1 (0.9%) |
Type of milk expression * Manual Mechanical breast pump Simple electric breast pump Double electric breast pump |
114 |
7 (6.1%) 12 (10.5%) 82 (71.9%) 15 (13.2%) |
Nutrient | Donors | |
---|---|---|
n | Mean (SE) | |
Macronutrients (g/100 mL milk) | ||
Lipids | 103 | 3.13 (0.17) |
Carbohydrates | 7.73 (0.03) | |
Proteins | 1.17 (0.03) | |
Lipid classes (g/100 g fat) | ||
Triacylglycerols | 20 | 96.19 (93.87, 97.26) |
Diacylglycerols | 3.43 (2.47, 5.50) | |
Monoacylglycerols | 0.03 (0.02, 0.07) | |
Free fatty acids + cholesterol | 0.31 (0.22, 0.51) | |
Polar lipids | 0.05 (0.01) | |
Phospholipids (g/100 g of polar lipids) | ||
Phosphatidylethanolamine | 20 | 24.63 (7.88) |
Phosphatidylcholine | 30.95 (5.00) | |
Sphingomyelin | 44.43 (11.09) | |
Triacylglycerols (g/100 g fat) | ||
CN24 | 20 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) |
CN26 | 0.10 (0.03) | |
CN28 | 0.07 (0.05, 0.12) | |
CN30 | 0.19 (0.14, 0.27) | |
CN32 | 0.26 (0.19, 0.41) | |
CN34 | 0.33 (0.13, 0.44) | |
CN36 | 0.36 (0.22, 0.65) | |
CN38 | 1.57 (0.68) | |
CN40 | 2.02 (0.54) | |
CN42 | 2.70 (0.91) | |
CN44 | 5.02 (1.37) | |
CN46 | 7.51 (1.50) | |
CN48 | 10.72 (1.43) | |
CN50 | 14.71 (2.16) | |
CN52 | 36.89 (4.83) | |
CN54 | 17.30 (5.10) |
Fatty Acid (%) | Common Name | Donors (n = 108) | Reference Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|
European [35] 1 | World [59] 2 | |||
Saturated Fatty Acids (SFAs) | ||||
C6:0 | Caproic | 0.11 (0.02) | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.47 |
C8:0 | Caprylic | 0.18 (0.16, 0.21) | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.21 ± 0.22 |
C10:0 | Capric | 1.20 (0.29) | 1.44 ± 0.34 | 1.37 ± 0.86 |
C12:0 | Lauric | 5.42 (1.58) | 5.46 ± 1.84 | 5.7 ± 2.81 |
C14:0 | Myristic | 5.88 (4.91, 7.75) | 6.19 ± 1.93 | 6.56 ± 3.05 |
C15:0 | Pentadecanoic | 0.18 (0.13, 0.25) | ||
C15:0 ai | C15:0 anteiso | 0.02 (0.02, 0.03) | ||
C15:0 i | C15:0 iso | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05) | ||
C16:0 i | C16:0 iso | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | ||
C16:0 | Palmitic | 19.61 (2.45) | 21.94 ± 2.92 | 21.5 ± 4.82 |
C17:0 ai | C17:0 anteiso | 0.04 (0.03, 0.06) | ||
C17:0 i | C17:0 iso | 0.27 (0.06) | ||
C17:0 | Margaric | 0.19 (0.15, 0.23) | 0.31 ± 0.15 | |
C18:0 | Stearic | 5.72 (4.96, 6.49) | 6.68 ± 1.59 | 6.36 ± 2.07 |
C20:0 | Arachidic | 0.16 (0.11, 0.21) | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 0.17 |
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFAs) | ||||
C14:1 cis-9 (n5) | Myristoleic | 0.07 (0.04, 0.11) | ||
C16:1 cis-9 (n7) | Palmitoleic | 1.47 (1.19, 1.76) | 2.21 ± 0.64 | 2.3 ± 0.92 |
C17:1 | Margaroleic | 0.07 (0.03) | ||
∑ C18:1 trans | 0.22 (0.13, 0.34) | 0.66 ± 0.35 | ||
C18:1 cis-9 (n9) | Oleic | 38.23 (4.98) | 35.59 ± 4.17 | 32.6 ± 5.84 |
C18:1 cis-11 (n7) | Cis vaccenic | 1.61 (0.28) | 2.38 ± 0.53 | |
C20:1 (n9) | Gondoic | 0.53 (0.36, 0.82) | 0.38 ± 0.12 | 0.46 ± 0.28 |
n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-6 PUFAs) | ||||
C18:2 (n6) | Linoleic (LA) | 14.79 (12.37, 17.19) | 14.00 ± 4.95 | 15.7 ± 7.15 |
C20:2 (n6) | Eicosadienoic | 0.25 (0.19, 0.35) | 0.26 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.19 |
C20:3 (n6) | Dihomo-γ-linolenic | 0.33 (0.23, 0.44) | 0.31 ± 0.09 | 0.37 ± 0.18 |
C20:4 (n6) | Arachidonic (AA) | 0.54 (0.18) | 0.44 ± 0.12 | 0.50 ± 0.25 |
n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 PUFAs) | ||||
C18:3 (n3) | Linolenic (ALA) | 0.50 (0.40, 0.62) | 0.94 ± 0.55 | 1.11 ± 1.05 |
C22:5 (n3) | Docosapentaenoic (DPA) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.11) | ||
C22:6 (n3) | Docosahexaenoic (DHA) | 0.28 (0.17, 0.45) | 0.34 ± 0.35 | 0.37 ± 0.31 |
n-7 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-7 PUFAs) | ||||
C18:2 c9, t11 (n7) | Rumenic | 0.08 (0.04, 0.12) | ||
Fatty acid families | ||||
Not identified | 0.20 (0.15, 0.25) | |||
SFAs | 39.83 (37.0, 42.1) | 42.23 ± 5.29 | 42.2 ± 7.73 | |
MUFAs | 42.49 (5.22) | 41.34 ± 4.48 | 36.3 ± 6.46 | |
PUFAs | 16.71 (14.83, 19.37) | 16.43 ± 5.07 | 21.2 ± 8.18 | |
SCFAs | 0.11 (0.10, 0.12) | |||
MCFAs (C8-C15) | 13.02 (11.13, 16.18) | |||
LCFAs (C16-C18) | 84.0 (80.71, 86.35) | |||
VLCFAs (C20-C24) | 2.34 (2.02, 3.16) | |||
n-6 PUFAs | 15.77 (13.46, 18.44) | 17.8 ± 7.51 | ||
n-3 PUFAs | 0.87 (0.72, 1.17) | 1.88 ± 2.63 | ||
n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs | 17.21 (13.31, 24.81) | |||
LA/ALA ratio | 28.68 (22.52, 40.31) | |||
ARA/DHA ratio | 1.83 (1.32, 3.06) | 1.68 ± 0.89 |
Nutrient 1 | Donors | Mature Milk Nutrient Concentration Reference |
|
---|---|---|---|
n | Concentration | ||
Free thiamin, B1 (UPLC-MS/MS) mcg/L | 113 | 18.10 (10.03, 28.43) | Free thiamin 18.5 [60] Total thiamin 180 [61] |
Free riboflavin, B2 (UPLC-MS/MS) mcg/L | 113 | 47.30 (23.58, 99.90) | Free riboflavin 11.2 [60] Total riboflavin 364 [62] |
Nicotinamide, B3 (UPLC-MS/MS) mcg/L | 113 | 46.73 (28.50, 82.58) | Nicotinamide 275 [60] Total niacin 2100 [63] |
Pantothenic acid, B5 (UPLC-MS/MS) mcg/L | 113 | 2264.90 (1864.90, 2540.00) | 2500 [64] 1304 [60] |
Pyridoxal, B6 (UPLC-MS/MS) mcg/L | 113 | 36.73 (27.80, 53.30) | Pyridoxal 96 [60] B6 130 [65] |
Folic acid, B9 (UPLC-MS/MS) mcg/L | 113 | 19.88 (7.02) | Folate 80 [65] |
Cobalamin, B12 (Competitive immunoassay) | 113 | ||
pM | 490.63 (74.30) | ||
mcg/L | 0.66 (0.10) | 0.5 [66] | |
Ascorbic acid (HPLC-DAD) mg/dL | 112 | 3.91 (1.71) | |
Dehydroascorbic acid (HPLC-DAD) mg/dL | 112 | 1.91 (1.29, 3.38) | |
Vitamin C * (HPLC-DAD) | 112 | ||
mg/dL | 6.37 (1.41) | ||
mg/L | 63.70 (14.10) | 35–90 [67] | |
Retinol (HPLC with fluorescence and UV detector) | 112 | ||
mcg/dL | 41.15 (26.80, 72.48) | ||
mcg/L | 411.50 (268.00, 724.80) | 530 [68] | |
Vitamin D3 (UPLC–electrospray ionization/tandem MS) | 112 | ||
pg/mL | 1603.65 (373.83, 5279.93) | ||
mcg/L | 1.60 (0.37, 5.28) | 0.25–2 [69] | |
25(OH)D3 (UPLC–electrospray ionization/tandem MS) | 112 | ||
pg/mL | 53.90 (27.13, 109.85) | ||
mcg/L | 0.05 (0.03, 0.11) | ||
α-tocopherol (HPLC with fluorescence and UV detector) | 112 | ||
mcg/dL | 463.80 (373.33, 586.76) | ||
mg/L | 4.64 (3.73, 5.87) | 4.6 [70] | |
γ-tocopherol (HPLC with fluorescence and UV detector) | 112 | ||
mcg/dL | 50.19 (36.43, 67.08) | ||
mg/L | 0.50 (0.36, 0.67) | 0.45 [60] | |
Vitamin E (as TE) ** | 112 | ||
mcg/dL | 488.02 (163.13) | ||
mg/L | 4.88 (1.63) | 5.2 [60] | |
Iodine (ICP-MS) ppb (mcg/L) | 113 | 148.45 (98.95, 204.98) | 50–100 [65] 100–200 [71,72] |
Calcium (ICP-MS) ppm (mg/L) | 113 | 99.10 (59.70, 127.35) | 200–300 [73] |
Phosphorous (ICP-MS) ppm (mg/L) | 113 | 132.47 (114.00, 150.40) | 120–140 [65,74] |
Selenium (ICP-MS) ppb (mcg/L) | 113 | 10.88 (9.30, 12.68) | 18 [75] |
Fatty Acids (% of Total Fatty Acids) |
Associated Variables | Beta | Std. Err. | t | P>|t| | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SFAs a Observations = 105 R2 = 0.34 |
DMA in erythrocytes (% of fat in erythrocytes) |
2.700 | 0.795 | 3.40 | 0.001 | [1.122, 4.277] |
Plasma C18:0 (% of fat in plasma) |
2.023 | 0.550 | 3.68 | <0.001 | [0.932, 3.114] | |
C17:1 in erythrocytes (% of fat in erythrocytes) |
-13.556 | 3.565 | -3.80 | <0.001 | [-20.629, -6.483] | |
Trans fatty acids (average % intake per day during the dietary record) |
5.789 | 2.171 | 2.67 | 0.009 | [1.481, 10.097] | |
Breastfeeding time (months) | 0.203 | 0.071 | 2.86 | 0.005 | [0.062, 0.344] | |
Total MUFAs b Observations = 103 R2 = 0.16 |
Plasma MUFAs (% of fat in plasma) |
0.458 | 0.165 | 2.77 | 0.007 | [0.130, 0.786] |
C17:1 in erythrocytes (% of fat in erythrocytes) |
13.523 | 4.895 | 2.76 | 0.007 | [3.810,23.235] | |
Total PUFAs Observations = 108 R2 = 0.04 |
PUFAs (average intake g/day during the dietary record) |
0.139 | 0.062 | 2.23 | 0.028 | [0.015, .263] |
Linoleic Acid c Observations = 106 R2 = 0.10 |
Linoleic acid in erythrocytes (% of fat in erythrocytes) |
0.633 | 0.209 | 3.02 | 0.003 | [0.217, 1.048] |
Meat, fish, eggs (average servings/day during the dietary record) |
0.684 | 0.281 | 2.44 | 0.016 | [0.128, 1.241] | |
DHA d Observations = 104 R2 = 0.45 |
Plasma DHA (% of fat in plasma) |
0.164 | 0.334 | 4.91 | <0.001 | [0.098, 0.230] |
DHA (average intake g/day during the dietary record) |
0.382 | 0.075 | 5.12 | <0.001 | [0.234, 0.530] | |
Total Omega-3 e Observations = 106 R2 = 0.29 |
DHA (average intake g/day during the diet diary) |
0.783 | 0.120 | 6.51 | <0.001 | [0.544, 1.021] |
Vitamins | Associated Variables | Beta | Std. Err. | t | P>|t| | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Free thiamin, B1 (mcg/L) Observations = 113 R2 = 0.12 |
Plasma thiamin (mcg/L) | 10.817 | 4.915 | 2.20 | 0.030 | [1.075, 20.559] |
Milk and dairy products (average servings/day during the diet diary) | -2.880 | 1.090 | -2.64 | 0.009 | [-5.040, -0.720] | |
Breastfeeding time (months) |
-0.494 | 0.210 | -2.35 | 0.021 | [-0.911, -0.077] | |
Free riboflavin, VB2 (mcg/L) a Observations = 100 R2 = 0.21 |
Riboflavin intake (average mg/day during the dietary record) | 20.991 | 8.758 | 2.40 | 0.018 | [3.609, 38.373] |
Vitamin B2 supplementation during lactation (receiving or not) | 39.742 | 15.258 | 2.60 | 0.011 | [9.459, 70.024] | |
Pyridoxal, B6 (mcg/L) b Observations = 106 R2 = 0.17 |
Vitamin B6 supplementation during pregnancy (receiving or not) |
11.629 | 3.114 | 3.73 | <0.001 | [5.454, 17.804] |
Breastfeeding time (months) | -0.776 | 0.273 | -2.84 | 0.005 | [-1.318, -0.234] | |
Dehidroascorbic acid (mg/dL) Observations = 112 R2 = 0.15 |
Plasma ascorbic acid (mcM) | -0.014 | 0.005 | -2.92 | 0.004 | [-0.024, -0.005] |
Fruits (average servings/day during the dietary record) |
0.271 | 0.128 | 2.12 | 0.036 | [0.018, 0.524] | |
Breastfeeding time (months) | -0.062 | 0.025 | -2.47 | 0.015 | [-0.112, -0.012] | |
Cholecalciferol (pg/mL) c Observations = 32 R2 = 0.57 |
Plasma cholecalciferol (pg/mL) | 17.342 | 4.238 | 4.09 | <0.001 | [3.178, 23.510] |
Milk and dairy products (average servings/day during the dietary record) | 520.533 | 168.819 | 3.08 | 0.005 | [174.722, 866.343] | |
25 (OH) D3 (pg/mL) d Observations = 99 R2 = 0.24 |
Plasma 1,25 (OH)2 D3 (pg/mL) | 0.156 | 0.042 | 3.73 | <0.001 | [0.073, 0.238] |
Vitamin D supplementation during lactation (receiving or not) |
35.673 | 12.569 | 2.84 | 0.006 | [10.720, 60.625] | |
Breastfeeding time (months) | 2.225 | 1.076 | 2.07 | 0.041 | [0.089, 4.360] |
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Noelia Ureta-Velasco
et al.
,
2023
Chiara Peila
et al.
,
2023
Jean-Michel HASCOET
et al.
,
2019
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