Version 1
: Received: 22 January 2023 / Approved: 24 January 2023 / Online: 24 January 2023 (03:08:39 CET)
How to cite:
Folorunso, O.S.; Sebolai, O.M. Hydrolytic Enzymes, Proteases, Permeases, and Transporters as Cryptococcus neoformans Weapons in Human Infections. Preprints2023, 2023010420. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202301.0420.v1
Folorunso, O.S.; Sebolai, O.M. Hydrolytic Enzymes, Proteases, Permeases, and Transporters as Cryptococcus neoformans Weapons in Human Infections. Preprints 2023, 2023010420. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202301.0420.v1
Folorunso, O.S.; Sebolai, O.M. Hydrolytic Enzymes, Proteases, Permeases, and Transporters as Cryptococcus neoformans Weapons in Human Infections. Preprints2023, 2023010420. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202301.0420.v1
APA Style
Folorunso, O.S., & Sebolai, O.M. (2023). Hydrolytic Enzymes, Proteases, Permeases, and Transporters as Cryptococcus neoformans Weapons in Human Infections. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202301.0420.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Folorunso, O.S. and Olihile Moses Sebolai. 2023 "Hydrolytic Enzymes, Proteases, Permeases, and Transporters as Cryptococcus neoformans Weapons in Human Infections" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202301.0420.v1
Abstract
In this review, we present several extracellular proteases, enzymes, membrane permeases, and transporters as essential accessories proteins for nutrient assimilation, conservation, and transportation as determined by nutrient repletion or depletion. As an obligate aerobic pathogen, it is crucial for invading Cryptococcus (C.) neoformans to negotiate its adaptation to human internal organs like the brain and spinal cord, where the oxygen level is low compared to peripheral organs. Besides, essential metals like copper and iron are important cofactors to functional proteins; however, these metals are not usually freely available to invading human pathogens. Again, the phagolysosome low pH with glucose paucity, internal temperature, immune response, and complex extracellular matrixes are challenging environments that must be circumvented by C. neoformans in the systemic tissues for survival, adaptation, and infection in humans. We review extensive works on several extracellular proteases, enzymes, membrane permeases and transporters orchestrated by different transcription factors and present these proteins as weapons needed to outwit systemic resistance to invading pathogens. Lastly, we examine the extracellular secretory vesicles of C. neoformans as “an exosomal virulence bag” that harbours urease, laccase, phosphatase, and capsular components as additional secretory weapons for tissue invasion and persistence.
Biology and Life Sciences, Immunology and Microbiology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
