Preprint Article Version 13 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

The Imaginary Universe

Version 1 : Received: 2 December 2022 / Approved: 2 December 2022 / Online: 2 December 2022 (09:58:36 CET)
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How to cite: Łukaszyk, S. The Imaginary Universe. Preprints 2022, 2022120045. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202212.0045.v13 Łukaszyk, S. The Imaginary Universe. Preprints 2022, 2022120045. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202212.0045.v13

Abstract

Maxwell’s Equations in vacuum provide the negative speed of light $-c$, which leads to the imaginary set of base Planck units. However, the second, negative fine-structure constant $\alpha_2^{-1} \approx -140.178$, present in Fresnel coefficients for the normal incidence of electromagnetic radiation on monolayer graphene, establishes the different negative speed of light in vacuum $c_n \approx -3.06 \times 10^8~\text{[m/s]}$, which introduces the imaginary set of base Planck units different in magnitude from the ones parametrized with $c$. It follows that electric charges are the same in real and imaginary dimensions. We model neutron stars and white dwarfs, emitting perfect black-body radiation, as objects having energy exceeding their mass-energy equivalence ratios. We define complex energies in terms of real and imaginary natural units. Their imaginary parts, inaccessible for direct observation, store the excess of these energies. It follows that black holes are fundamentally uncharged, charged micro neutron stars and white dwarfs with masses lower than $5.7275 \times 10^{-10}~[\text{kg}]$ are inaccessible for direct observation, and the radii of white dwarfs' cores are limited to $R_{\text{WD}} < 3.3967~R_{\text{BH}}$, where $R_{\text{BH}}$ is the Schwarzschild radius of a white dwarf mass. It is conjectured that the maximum atomic number $Z=238$. A black-body object is in the equilibrium of complex energies of masses, charges, and photons if its radius $R_\text{eq} \approx 1.3833~R_{\text{BH}}$, which is marginally greater than a locally negative energy density bound of $4/3~R_{\text{BH}}$. Complex Newton’s law of universal gravitation, based on complex energies, leads to the black-body object's surface gravity and the generalized Hawking radiation temperature, which includes its charge. The proposed model takes into account the value(s) of the fine-structure constant(s), which is/are otherwise neglected in general relativity, and explains the registered (GWOSC) high masses of neutron stars' mergers and the associated fast radio bursts (CHIME) without resorting to any hypothetical types of exotic stellar objects.

Keywords

emergent dimensionality; imaginary dimensions; natural units; fine-structure constant; black holes; neutron stars; white dwarfs; patternless binary messages; complex energy; complex force; Hawking radiation; extended periodic table; general relativity; entropic gravity; holographic principle; mathematical physics

Subject

Physical Sciences, Mathematical Physics

Comments (1)

Comment 1
Received: 8 May 2023
Commenter: Szymon Łukaszyk
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author
Comment: 1. Improved derivation of the negative speed of light parameter using Maxwell's Equations in vacuum, introducing the imaginary c-Planck and real c_n-Planck units.
2. Comments on other natural unit systems (Stoney, Hartree, Schrödinger, quantum chromodynamics, and atomic physics units).
3. Algebraic value of the fine-structure constant as the initial Big Bang value. 
4. Mass is a fundamental unit of energy.
5. Independence of (quantum) nonlocality and quantum contextuality (Xue 2023).
6. Reasoning and clarity corrections.
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