Szczakowska, A.; Gabryelska, A.; Gawlik-Kotelnicka, O.; Strzelecki, D. Deep Brain Stimulation in the Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia. J. Clin. Med.2023, 12, 1868.
Szczakowska, A.; Gabryelska, A.; Gawlik-Kotelnicka, O.; Strzelecki, D. Deep Brain Stimulation in the Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1868.
Szczakowska, A.; Gabryelska, A.; Gawlik-Kotelnicka, O.; Strzelecki, D. Deep Brain Stimulation in the Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia. J. Clin. Med.2023, 12, 1868.
Szczakowska, A.; Gabryelska, A.; Gawlik-Kotelnicka, O.; Strzelecki, D. Deep Brain Stimulation in the Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1868.
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a phenomenon predominantly observed as a result of the long-term use of dopamine receptor blockers (antipsychotics). TD is a group of involuntary, irregular hyperkinetic movements, mainly in the muscles of the face, eyelid muscles, lips, tongue, and cheeks, and less frequently in the limbs, neck, pelvis, and trunk. In some patients, TD takes on an extremely severe form, massively disrupting functioning, moreover, causing stigmatization and suffering. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a method used, among others, in Parkinson's disease, is also an effective treatment for TD and often becomes a method of last resort, especially in severe, drug-resistant forms. The procedure is relatively new in TD, so the available reliable clinical studies are few and consist mainly of case reports. Unilateral and bilateral stimulation of two sites has proven efficacy in TD treatment. Most authors describe stimulation of the globus pallidus internus (GPi); less frequent descriptions involve the hypothalamic nucleus (STN). In the present paper, we provide up-to-date information on the stimulation of both mentioned brain areas. We also compare the efficacy of the two methods by comparing the two available studies, which included the largest groups of patients. Although GPi stimulation is more frequently used clinically, our initial analysis indicates comparable results (reduction of involuntary movements) with STN DBS.
Keywords
tardive dyskinesia; schizophrenia; antipsychotics; deep brain stimulation
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Mental Health
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
