Preprint Review Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Digital Biomarkers of Poor Gait and Balance in Diabetic Foot, Measurable by Wearables: A Review of Literature

Version 1 : Received: 10 September 2022 / Approved: 13 September 2022 / Online: 13 September 2022 (09:28:22 CEST)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Kang, G.E.; Stout, A.; Waldon, K.; Kang, S.; Killeen, A.L.; Crisologo, P.A.; Siah, M.; Jupiter, D.; Najafi, B.; Vaziri, A.; Lavery, L.A. Digital Biomarkers of Gait and Balance in Diabetic Foot, Measurable by Wearable Inertial Measurement Units: A Mini Review. Sensors 2022, 22, 9278. Kang, G.E.; Stout, A.; Waldon, K.; Kang, S.; Killeen, A.L.; Crisologo, P.A.; Siah, M.; Jupiter, D.; Najafi, B.; Vaziri, A.; Lavery, L.A. Digital Biomarkers of Gait and Balance in Diabetic Foot, Measurable by Wearable Inertial Measurement Units: A Mini Review. Sensors 2022, 22, 9278.

Abstract

People with diabetic foot frequently exhibit poor gait and balance. However, there is no review to inform digital biomarkers of poor gait and balance related to diabetic foot, measurable by wearables outside traditional gait laboratories. Such information could assist in designing remote patient monitoring platform to track changes in gait and balance dysfunction among people with diabetic foot for timely referral and intervention. Accordingly, we conducted a web-based review using PubMed. Our search was limited to human subjects and English-written papers published in peer-reviewed journals. We identified 20 papers in this review. We found preliminary evidence of digital biomarkers of gait and balance dysfunction in people with diabetic foot, measured by wearables, such as slow gait speed, large gait variability, unstable gait initiation, and large body sway. However, due to heterogeneities in included papers in terms of study design, movement tasks, and small sample size, more studies are recommended to confirm this preliminary evidence. Additionally, based on our review, we recommend establishing appropriate strategies to successfully implement wearable-based assessment into clinical practice for diabetic foot care.

Keywords

Diabetic foot; Diabetic neuropathies; Peripheral arterial disease; Foot ulcer; Gait; Walking; Postural balance; Wearable electronic devices; Gait analysis; Digital technology

Subject

Medicine and Pharmacology, Endocrinology and Metabolism

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