Johnson, A.S.; Polese, G.; Johnson, M.; Winlow, W. Appropriate Human Serum Albumin Fluid Therapy and the Alleviation of COVID-19 Vulnerabilities: An Explanation of the HSA Lymphatic Nutrient Pump. COVID 2022, 2, 1379–1395, doi:10.3390/covid2100099.
Johnson, A.S.; Polese, G.; Johnson, M.; Winlow, W. Appropriate Human Serum Albumin Fluid Therapy and the Alleviation of COVID-19 Vulnerabilities: An Explanation of the HSA Lymphatic Nutrient Pump. COVID 2022, 2, 1379–1395, doi:10.3390/covid2100099.
Johnson, A.S.; Polese, G.; Johnson, M.; Winlow, W. Appropriate Human Serum Albumin Fluid Therapy and the Alleviation of COVID-19 Vulnerabilities: An Explanation of the HSA Lymphatic Nutrient Pump. COVID 2022, 2, 1379–1395, doi:10.3390/covid2100099.
Johnson, A.S.; Polese, G.; Johnson, M.; Winlow, W. Appropriate Human Serum Albumin Fluid Therapy and the Alleviation of COVID-19 Vulnerabilities: An Explanation of the HSA Lymphatic Nutrient Pump. COVID 2022, 2, 1379–1395, doi:10.3390/covid2100099.
Abstract
COVID-19 and long COVID-19 vulnerabilities may be caused indirectly by albumin binding deficiency (ABD) which can be corrected by the correct administration of human serum albumin (HSA). The liver is the primary site of nutrient regulation and fluid volume maintenance, control of both is by changes to albumin concentration. In healthy subjects theHSA lymphatic nutrient pump (HSALNP) ensures continual pumping of nutrients from the liver are appropriately distributed to organs. Nutrients are delivered to cells according to the availability of binding to HSA. The HSALNP therefore maintains the correct nutrients and colloidal pressure balance in all tissues independently. In unhealthy tissues, following COVID-19 infection, the passage of HSA/nutrients through the interstitial spaces and lymph will be impeded. Fluid therapy into the periphery leads to dilution of essential nutrients attached to the protein-carriers such as albumin. The levels of albumin being charged by the liver with nutrients is critical in maintaining immune stability by maintaining nutrient support and colloidal pressure of cellular structures. The site of HSA binding by the liver is of great importance and direct infusion of albumin into the Hepatic Portal Vein is the most appropriate method of maintaining colloid pressure and cellular nutrient levels.
Keywords
Human serum albumin; COVID-19 vulnerabilities; fluid therapy; albumin binding deficiency; lymphatic nutrient pump; colloid pressure; interstitial spaces; albumin infusion; hepatic portal vein
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
