Version 1
: Received: 10 June 2022 / Approved: 14 June 2022 / Online: 14 June 2022 (03:39:46 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 18 June 2022 / Approved: 20 June 2022 / Online: 20 June 2022 (04:41:21 CEST)
How to cite:
Schiwek, S.; Alhussein, M.; Rodemann, C.; Budragchaa, T.; Beule, L.; von Tiedemann, A.; Karlovsky, P. FusariumCulmorum Produces NX-2 Toxin Simultaneously With Deoxynivalenol and 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol or Nivalenol (Submitted to Toxins). Preprints2022, 2022060190. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202206.0190.v2
Schiwek, S.; Alhussein, M.; Rodemann, C.; Budragchaa, T.; Beule, L.; von Tiedemann, A.; Karlovsky, P. Fusarium Culmorum Produces NX-2 Toxin Simultaneously With Deoxynivalenol and 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol or Nivalenol (Submitted to Toxins). Preprints 2022, 2022060190. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202206.0190.v2
Schiwek, S.; Alhussein, M.; Rodemann, C.; Budragchaa, T.; Beule, L.; von Tiedemann, A.; Karlovsky, P. FusariumCulmorum Produces NX-2 Toxin Simultaneously With Deoxynivalenol and 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol or Nivalenol (Submitted to Toxins). Preprints2022, 2022060190. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202206.0190.v2
APA Style
Schiwek, S., Alhussein, M., Rodemann, C., Budragchaa, T., Beule, L., von Tiedemann, A., & Karlovsky, P. (2022). <em></em><em>Fusarium</em> <em>Culmorum</em> Produces NX-2 Toxin Simultaneously With Deoxynivalenol and 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol or Nivalenol (Submitted to Toxins). Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202206.0190.v2
Chicago/Turabian Style
Schiwek, S., Andreas von Tiedemann and Petr Karlovsky. 2022 "<em></em><em>Fusarium</em> <em>Culmorum</em> Produces NX-2 Toxin Simultaneously With Deoxynivalenol and 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol or Nivalenol (Submitted to Toxins)" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202206.0190.v2
Abstract
Fusariumculmorum is a major pathogen of grain crops. Infected plants accumulate deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), or nivalenol (NIV), which are mycotoxins of the trichothecene B group. These toxins are also produced by F. graminearum species complex. New trichothecenes structurally similar to trichothecenes B but lacking the carbonyl group on C-8, designated NX toxins, were recently discovered in atypical isolates of F. graminearum from North America. Only these isolates and a few strains of a yet to be characterized Fusarium species from South Africa are known to produce NX-2 and other NX toxins. Here we report that among 20 F. culmorum strains isolated from maize, wheat, and oat in Europe and Asia over a period of 70 years, 18 strains produced NX-2 simultaneously with 3-ADON and DON or NIV. Rice cultures of strains producing 3-ADON accumulated NX-2 in amounts corresponding to 2-8% of 3-ADON (1.2 - 36 mg/kg). A strain producing NIV accumulated NX-2 and NIV at comparable amounts (13.6 and 10.3 mg/kg, respectively). In F. graminearum, producers of NX-2 possess a special variant of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase encoded by TRI1 that is unable to oxidize C-8. In F. culmorum, producers and nonproducers of NX-2 possess identical TRI1; the reason for the production of NX-2 is unknown. Our results indicate that production of NX-2 simultaneously with trichothecenes B is a common feature of F. culmorum.
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
20 June 2022
Commenter:
Petr Karlovsky
Commenter's Conflict of Interests:
Author
Comment:
We corrected several grammatical errors, improved the style of several sentences, added a footnote to Table 1, added two sentences about fusarenon X, added an Acknowledgment section that was missing, and updated the phrase "for submission..." to "submitted...".
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Commenter: Petr Karlovsky
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author