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Nanotechnology as a Versatile Tool for 19F-MRI Agent’s Formulation: A Glimpse into the Use of Perfluorinated and Fluorinated Compounds in Nanoparticles
Joseph, J.M.; Gigliobianco, M.R.; Firouzabadi, B.M.; Censi, R.; Di Martino, P. Nanotechnology as a Versatile Tool for 19F-MRI Agent’s Formulation: A Glimpse into the Use of Perfluorinated and Fluorinated Compounds in Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics2022, 14, 382.
Joseph, J.M.; Gigliobianco, M.R.; Firouzabadi, B.M.; Censi, R.; Di Martino, P. Nanotechnology as a Versatile Tool for 19F-MRI Agent’s Formulation: A Glimpse into the Use of Perfluorinated and Fluorinated Compounds in Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 382.
Joseph, J.M.; Gigliobianco, M.R.; Firouzabadi, B.M.; Censi, R.; Di Martino, P. Nanotechnology as a Versatile Tool for 19F-MRI Agent’s Formulation: A Glimpse into the Use of Perfluorinated and Fluorinated Compounds in Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics2022, 14, 382.
Joseph, J.M.; Gigliobianco, M.R.; Firouzabadi, B.M.; Censi, R.; Di Martino, P. Nanotechnology as a Versatile Tool for 19F-MRI Agent’s Formulation: A Glimpse into the Use of Perfluorinated and Fluorinated Compounds in Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 382.
Abstract
Simultaneously being a non-radiative and non-invasive technique makes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) one of the highly sought imaging techniques for the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Despite more than four decades of research on finding a suitable imaging agent from fluorine for clinical applications, it still lingers as a challenge to get the regulatory approval compared to its hydrogen counterpart. The pertinent hurdle is the simultaneous intrinsic hydrophobicity and lipophobicity of fluorine and its derivatives that make them insoluble in any liquids, strongly limiting their application in areas such as targeted delivery. A blossoming technique to circumvent the unfavorable physicochemical characteristics of perfluorocarbon compounds (PFCs) and guarantee a high local concentration of fluorine in the desired body part is to encapsulate them in nanosystems. In this review, we will be emphasizing different types of nanocarrier systems studied to encapsulate various PFCs and fluorinated compounds, headway to be applied as a contrast agent (CA) in fluorine-19 MRI (19F MRI). We would also scrutinize the different types of PFCs and their specific applications and limitations concerning the nanoparticle (NP) system used to encapsulate them studied over the last decade. A critical evaluation for future opportunities would be speculated.
Keywords
Magnetic resonance imaging; perfluorocarbons; imaging agent; nanosystems; nanoparticles; fluorine
Subject
CHEMISTRY, Physical Chemistry
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
