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Serological Positivity against Selected Flavivirus and Alphavirus in Free-ranging Bats and Birds from Costa Rica Evidence Exposure to Arboviruses Seldom Reported Locally in Humans
Barrantes Murillo, D.F.; Piche-Ovares, M.; Gamboa-Solano, J.C.; Romero, L.M.; Soto-Garita, C.; Alfaro-Alarcón, A.; Corrales-Aguilar, E. Serological Positivity against Selected Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses in Free-Ranging Bats and Birds from Costa Rica Evidence Exposure to Arboviruses Seldom Reported Locally in Humans. Viruses2022, 14, 93.
Barrantes Murillo, D.F.; Piche-Ovares, M.; Gamboa-Solano, J.C.; Romero, L.M.; Soto-Garita, C.; Alfaro-Alarcón, A.; Corrales-Aguilar, E. Serological Positivity against Selected Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses in Free-Ranging Bats and Birds from Costa Rica Evidence Exposure to Arboviruses Seldom Reported Locally in Humans. Viruses 2022, 14, 93.
Barrantes Murillo, D.F.; Piche-Ovares, M.; Gamboa-Solano, J.C.; Romero, L.M.; Soto-Garita, C.; Alfaro-Alarcón, A.; Corrales-Aguilar, E. Serological Positivity against Selected Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses in Free-Ranging Bats and Birds from Costa Rica Evidence Exposure to Arboviruses Seldom Reported Locally in Humans. Viruses2022, 14, 93.
Barrantes Murillo, D.F.; Piche-Ovares, M.; Gamboa-Solano, J.C.; Romero, L.M.; Soto-Garita, C.; Alfaro-Alarcón, A.; Corrales-Aguilar, E. Serological Positivity against Selected Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses in Free-Ranging Bats and Birds from Costa Rica Evidence Exposure to Arboviruses Seldom Reported Locally in Humans. Viruses 2022, 14, 93.
Abstract
Arboviruses have two ecological transmission cycles, sylvatic and urban. For some, the sylvatic cycle has not been thoroughly described in America. To study the role of wildlife in a putative sylvatic cycle, we sampled free-ranging bats and birds in two arbovirus endemic locations and analyzed them using molecular, serological, and histological methods. No current infection was detected, and no significant arbovirus-associated histological changes were observed. Neutralizing antibodies were detected against selected arboviruses. In bats, positivity in 34.95% for DENV-1, 16.26% for DENV-2, 5.69% for DENV-3, 4.87% for DENV-4, 2.43% for WNV, 4.87% for SLEV, 0,81% for YFV, 7.31% for EEEV, and 0.81% for VEEV was found. Antibodies against ZIKV were not detected. In birds, PRNT results were positive against WNV in 0.80%, SLEV in 5.64%, EEEV in 8.4%, and VEEV in 5.63%. An additional retrospective PRNT analysis was performed using bat samples from three additional DENV endemic sites resulting in a 3.27% prevalence for WNV and 1.63% for SLEV. Interestingly one sample resulted unequivocally WNV positive confirmed by serum titration. These results suggest that free-ranging bats and birds are exposed to not currently reported hyperendemic-human infecting Flavivirus and Alphavirus, however, their role as reservoirs or hosts is still undetermined.
Keywords
Arbovirus; bats; birds; wildlife; Costa Rica
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Virology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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