Version 1
: Received: 20 August 2021 / Approved: 23 August 2021 / Online: 23 August 2021 (14:01:30 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 12 October 2021 / Approved: 14 October 2021 / Online: 14 October 2021 (15:21:58 CEST)
Fuellen, G.; Walter, U.; Henze, L.; Böhmert, J.; Palmer, D.; Lee, S.; Schmitt, C.A.; Rudolf, H.; Kowald, A. Protein Biomarkers in Blood Reflect the Interrelationships Between Stroke Outcome, Inflammation, Coagulation, Adhesion, Senescence and Cancer. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2022, doi:10.1007/s10571-022-01260-1.
Fuellen, G.; Walter, U.; Henze, L.; Böhmert, J.; Palmer, D.; Lee, S.; Schmitt, C.A.; Rudolf, H.; Kowald, A. Protein Biomarkers in Blood Reflect the Interrelationships Between Stroke Outcome, Inflammation, Coagulation, Adhesion, Senescence and Cancer. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2022, doi:10.1007/s10571-022-01260-1.
Fuellen, G.; Walter, U.; Henze, L.; Böhmert, J.; Palmer, D.; Lee, S.; Schmitt, C.A.; Rudolf, H.; Kowald, A. Protein Biomarkers in Blood Reflect the Interrelationships Between Stroke Outcome, Inflammation, Coagulation, Adhesion, Senescence and Cancer. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2022, doi:10.1007/s10571-022-01260-1.
Fuellen, G.; Walter, U.; Henze, L.; Böhmert, J.; Palmer, D.; Lee, S.; Schmitt, C.A.; Rudolf, H.; Kowald, A. Protein Biomarkers in Blood Reflect the Interrelationships Between Stroke Outcome, Inflammation, Coagulation, Adhesion, Senescence and Cancer. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2022, doi:10.1007/s10571-022-01260-1.
Abstract
The most important predictors for outcomes after ischemic stroke, that is, for health deterioration and death, are chronological age and stroke severity; gender, genetics and lifestyle / environmental factors also play a role. Of all these, only the latter can be influenced after the event, even though recurrent stroke may be prevented by antiaggregant/anticoagulant therapy, angioplasty of high-grade stenoses, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors. Moreover, blood cell composition and protein biomarkers such as C-reactive protein or interleukins in serum are frequently considered as biomarkers of outcome. We surveyed protein biomarkers that were reported to be predictive for outcome after ischemic stroke, specifically considering biomarkers that predict long-term outcome (≥3 months) and that are measured over the first days following the event. We classified the protein biomarkers as immune‑inflammatory, coagulation-related, and adhesion-related biomarkers. Some of these biomarkers are closely related to cellular senescence and, in particular, to the inflammatory processes that can be triggered by senescent cells. Moreover, the processes that underlie inflammation, hypercoagulation and cellular senescence connect stroke to cancer, and biomarkers of cancer-associated thromboembolism, as well as of sarcopenia, overlap strongly with the biomarkers discussed here. Finally, we demonstrate that most of the outcome-predicting protein biomarkers form a close-meshed functional interaction network, suggesting that the outcome after stroke is partially determined by an interplay of molecular processes relating to inflammation, coagulation, cell adhesion and cellular senescence.
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
14 October 2021
Commenter:
Axel Kowald
Commenter's Conflict of Interests:
Author
Comment:
We could win three more authors that contribute to the article. This led to small changes in the whole text and a new paragraph (Box1) towards the end of the manuscript. Further minor changes include the change to a numbered reference style in preparation for submission to a journal.
,
,
,
,
*
Commenter: Axel Kowald
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author
This led to small changes in the whole text and a new paragraph (Box1) towards the end of the manuscript.
Further minor changes include the change to a numbered reference style in preparation for submission to a journal.