Immunomodulation as a Potent COVID-19 Pharmacotherapy: Past, Present and Future

Decsa Medika Hertanto; Bayu Satria Wiratama; Henry Sutanto; Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu

doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0022.v2

Preprint Review Version 2 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Version 1 : Received: 30 March 2021 / Approved: 1 April 2021 / Online: 1 April 2021 (13:34:49 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 29 June 2021 / Approved: 1 July 2021 / Online: 1 July 2021 (12:59:44 CEST)

In the first year of its appearance, the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected more than 150 million individuals and killed 3 million people worldwide. The pandemic has also triggered numerous global initiatives to tackle the newly emerging disease, including the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the attempt to discover potential pharmacological therapies. Nonetheless, despite the success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines development, COVID-19 therapy remains challenging. Several repurposed drugs that were documented to be useful in small clinical trials have been shown to be ineffective in larger studies. Additionally, the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection displayed the predominance of hyperinflammation and immune dysregulation in inducing multiorgan damage. Therefore, the potential benefits of both immune modulation and suppression in COVID-19 have been extensively discussed. Here, we reviewed the roles of immunomodulation as potential COVID-19 pharmacological modalities based on the existing data and proposed several new immunologic targets to be tested in the foreseeable future.

COVID-19; immunomodulation; immunology; immune system; pharmacotherapy; coronavirus; drug repurposing

Comment 1

Received: 1 July 2021
Commenter: Henry Sutanto
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author

Comment: We have added new clinical trials to keep our manuscript updated, changed the figures and added a table summarizing the existing clinical trials. We also add a public health expert as one of our co-authors so that we can discuss this topic from a multidisciplinary aspect.

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Immunomodulation as a Potent COVID-19 Pharmacotherapy: Past, Present and Future

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