Version 1
: Received: 3 February 2021 / Approved: 4 February 2021 / Online: 4 February 2021 (13:10:01 CET)
Version 2
: Received: 11 February 2021 / Approved: 11 February 2021 / Online: 11 February 2021 (13:23:39 CET)
Ehiguese, F.O.; González-Delgado, M.J.; Garrido-Perez, C.; Araújo, C.V.M.; Martin-Diaz, M.L. Effects and Risk Assessment of the Polycyclic Musk Compounds Galaxolide® and Tonalide® on Marine Microalgae, Invertebrates, and Fish. Processes2021, 9, 371.
Ehiguese, F.O.; González-Delgado, M.J.; Garrido-Perez, C.; Araújo, C.V.M.; Martin-Diaz, M.L. Effects and Risk Assessment of the Polycyclic Musk Compounds Galaxolide® and Tonalide® on Marine Microalgae, Invertebrates, and Fish. Processes 2021, 9, 371.
Ehiguese, F.O.; González-Delgado, M.J.; Garrido-Perez, C.; Araújo, C.V.M.; Martin-Diaz, M.L. Effects and Risk Assessment of the Polycyclic Musk Compounds Galaxolide® and Tonalide® on Marine Microalgae, Invertebrates, and Fish. Processes2021, 9, 371.
Ehiguese, F.O.; González-Delgado, M.J.; Garrido-Perez, C.; Araújo, C.V.M.; Martin-Diaz, M.L. Effects and Risk Assessment of the Polycyclic Musk Compounds Galaxolide® and Tonalide® on Marine Microalgae, Invertebrates, and Fish. Processes 2021, 9, 371.
Abstract
The current research investigated the environmental risk of the polycyclic musk compounds, Galaxolide® (HHCB) and Tonalide® (AHTN), in the marine environments. These substances are lipophilic, bioaccumulated and potentially biomagnified in aquatic organisms. To understand the toxicity of HHCB and AHTN, we performed acute toxicity tests by exposing marine microalgae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tretraselmis chuii and Isochrysis galbana), crustaceans (Artemia franciscana), echinoderms (Paracentrotus lividus), bivalves (Mytilus galloprovincialis), fish (Sparus aurata) and a candidate freshwater microalga (Raphidocelis subcapitata) to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.005 - 5 µg/L) following standardized protocols. The effects of both substances on microalgae growth were incipient and only I. galbana was sensitive to HHCB and AHTN, with IC10 values of 5.22 µg/L and 0.328 µg/L, respectively. Significant (p < 0.01) concentration dependent responses were measured in P. lividus and M. galloprovincialis larvae developments as well as S. aurata mortality tested with HHCB. The effect of HHCB on P. lividus larvae development was the most sensitive endpoint recorded, producing an EC50 value of 4.07 µg/L. Our results show that HHCB represents a high risk to P. lividus larvae development for early life stages in marine environments.
Keywords
environmental risk assessment; fragrances; acute toxicity; growth inhibition; larvae development
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science and Meteorology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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