Preprint Article Version 16 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

Version 1 : Received: 5 January 2018 / Approved: 7 January 2018 / Online: 7 January 2018 (10:42:10 CET)
Version 2 : Received: 2 March 2018 / Approved: 2 March 2018 / Online: 2 March 2018 (14:37:34 CET)
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Version 11 : Received: 14 January 2021 / Approved: 15 January 2021 / Online: 15 January 2021 (12:38:30 CET)
Version 12 : Received: 24 April 2022 / Approved: 25 April 2022 / Online: 25 April 2022 (06:14:04 CEST)
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Version 15 : Received: 24 October 2022 / Approved: 24 October 2022 / Online: 24 October 2022 (04:52:17 CEST)
Version 16 : Received: 2 January 2023 / Approved: 3 January 2023 / Online: 3 January 2023 (08:35:12 CET)
Version 17 : Received: 21 August 2023 / Approved: 22 August 2023 / Online: 22 August 2023 (09:29:30 CEST)
Version 18 : Received: 9 March 2024 / Approved: 12 March 2024 / Online: 13 March 2024 (16:53:14 CET)

How to cite: Ali, M. Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms. Preprints 2018, 2018010036. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201801.0036.v16 Ali, M. Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms. Preprints 2018, 2018010036. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201801.0036.v16

Abstract

Carbon is a versatile element due to having many allotropes. Depending on the processing conditions of a carbon precursor, a carbon atom changes its state behavior. Converting carbon atoms from one state to another is under the electron transfer mechanism. In conversion, the dash-shaped energy bits involved transferring electrons to nearby unfilled states. The involved dash-shaped energy bit has partially conserved behavior. The forces exerted on the transferring electrons also remain partially conserved. Under only attained dynamics of atoms, a two-dimensional or amorphous graphite structure forms. To form a structure in one dimension, two dimensions, or four dimensions, graphite, nanotube, or fullerene state atoms perform electron dynamics, respectively. In these structures, binding is due to the dash-shaped energy bits involved while the electron transfer mechanism. The structural formations in diamond, lonsdaleite, and graphene state atoms involve differently shaped bits of energy. The bit of energy has a shape like a golf stick. Each outer ring electron of a depositing diamond atom undertakes a clamp of the outer ring energy knot of the deposited diamond atom by involving a golf-stick-shaped energy bit. A depositing diamond atom binds to the deposited diamond atom from the east-west poles to the south pole. Growth is from the south pole to the east-west poles, so the structure of the diamond is a tetra-electron topological structure. The lonsdaleite atoms bind from the east-west poles to a bit south pole. In glassy carbon, the layers of gaseous, graphite, and lonsdaleite state atoms bind simultaneously. The order of the layers repeats in the growth of glassy carbon. Differently processed carbon materials also study hardness under a new insight. Thus, this study develops an understanding of the fundamental and applied science of carbon-based materials.

Keywords

Carbon; Atomic structure; Electron dynamics; Structure; Binding energy

Subject

Chemistry and Materials Science, Materials Science and Technology

Comments (1)

Comment 1
Received: 3 January 2023
Commenter: Mubarak Ali
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author
Comment: Re-write the article to remove any confusion for the reader. References 45 to 54 are new.
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