Bistatic scattering coefficient have important application of ocean active microwave remote sensing. In this paper, a general expression of the composite scattering coefficient for multiple dielectric targets of one-dimensional fractal sea surface is derived by MOM method. Secondly, the bistatic scattering coefficient is computed, there are two class missile targets and one class ship target of one-dimensional fractal sea surface, and the influence of the water dielectric constant, fractal dimension, wind speed, the target dielectric constant and spatial position is discussed, and the corresponding conclusions are given. The proposed algorithm is able to solve some composite scattering problems, such as “dielectric or conductive object + rough surface”, “dielectric or conductive floating object +rough ”and it has certain generalization and reference.

incipient fault diagnosis is particularly important in process industrial systems, as its early detection helps to prevent major accidents. Against this background, this study proposes a combined method of Mixed Kernel Principal Components Analysis and Dynamic Canonical Correlation Analysis (MK-DCCA). The robust generalization performance of this approach is demonstrated through experimental validation on a randomly generated dataset. Furthermore, Comparative experiments were conducted on a CSTR Simulink model, comparing the MK-DCCA method with DCCA and DCVA methods, demonstrating its excellent detection performance for incipient fault in nonlinear and dynamic system. Meanwhile, fault identification experiments were conducted, validating the high accuracy of fault identification method based on contribution. The experimental findings demonstrate that the method possesses a certain industrial significance and academic relevance.

In order to create a smart mine, it is necessary to digitize the existing emulsion pumping station. Existing research does not achieve this task, this paper designs and manufactures a high-pressure, high-flow, high-water-based mining digital controlled unloading valve (abbreviated as HLHMDCUV), which achieves good results in both theoretical analysis and experimental testing. In order to obtain the accurate dynamic characteristics, this valve was analyzed by simulation using AMESim. Based on the dynamic performance analysis and the flow field analysis inside the valve body, the structure has been optimized to improve the performance of HLHMDCUV. The results show that the HLHMDCUV has a better dynamic characteristics, which were also demonstrated in the experiment. At the same time, the HLHMDCUV is easy to disassemble and maintain. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the design of such valves, which is conducive to the subsequent promotion of intelligent mine transformation.

This paper provides a new management method (MM) to optimally operate standalone direct current (DC) photovoltaic water pumping system (PVWPS) and synchronize its hydraulic performance to variable daily irradiance. The proposed approach well considers the issues from PV generator and a positive displacement pump mismatching to deserve a hydraulic network. Accordingly, Management Method uses small pumps mounted in parallel scheme to displace the hydraulic power point (HPP) in order to satisfy the mal adequacy between supply and load. Based on experimental Study; this approach showed a yielded standalone system, possibility of running pumping system using only photovoltaic supply (Without use of capacitance), and possibility to design more economical PV systems as the maximum peak power demand for each month can be satisfied using small power pumps in parallel and adjusting their switch with accordance to varying daily irradiance. Moreover, an analytical model was developed with reference to the obtained experimental results. This model based on a daily occurring irradiance as inputs in order to predict optimal performance outputs. It can be considered as a decision tool to track power point resulting from optimal electrical and hydraulic performances of the pumping system according to changes of the daily irradiance.

Some traditional robots are based on offline programming reciprocal motion, and with the continuous upgrading of vision technology, more and more tasks are replaced by machine vision. For the current problem of insufficient accuracy of robot target localization based on binocular vision, and an improved random sampling consistency algorithm is proposed to complete parallel robot target localization and grasping under the guidance For the current problem of insufficient accuracy of robot target localization based on binocular vision, an improved random sampling consistency algorithm is proposed to complete parallel robot target localization and grasping under the guidance of multi Firstly, the RANSAC algorithm is improved based on the SURF algorithm; then the parallax gradient method is applied to iterate the matched point pairs several times to further optimize the data; then the 3D reconstruction is completed by the program technique; finally the obtained data is finally the obtained data is input into the robot arm and the camera internal and external parameters are obtained by the calibration method so that the robot can accurately locate and The experiments show that the improved algorithm has advantages in recognition accuracy and grasping success rate under multi- The experiments show that the improved algorithm has advantages in recognition accuracy and grasping success rate under multi-vision system.

The integration of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) into agricultural areas has had a significant impact and has provided new, more complex, efficient, and structured solutions for enhancing crop production. This research reviews the role of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in monitoring the macro-nutrient content of plants. The review study focuses on identifying the types of sensors used to measure macro-nutrients, determining sensor placement within agricultural areas, implementing wireless technology for sensor communication, and selecting device transmission intervals and ratings. The study of NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) monitoring using sensor technology in precision agriculture is of high significance in efforts to improve agricultural productivity and efficiency. In addition to fostering technological innovations and precision farming solutions, in future this research aims to increase agricultural yields, particularly by enabling the cultivation of certain crops in locations different from their original ones.

The dependence on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has dramatically increased in many sectors around the globe. UAVs are in high demand, and their technology is developing quickly due to their sophisticated ability to handle various issues. UAVs are capable of replacing labor-intensive tasks with conducive and safe regulation. Additional tools or sensors need to be added to the UAVs system to ensure the implementation of UAVs able to serve into industrial level. The paper aims to consolidate and present a thorough understanding of the various stages of image processing pipelines deployed in UAV applications, including image acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, object detection and tracking, and decision-making processes. Throughout this paper, several aspects were deliberate such as strengths, limitations, and performance metrics of existing approaches, this paper seeks to provide researchers, engineers, and practitioners with valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities of image processing systems for UAVs. Ultimately, the synthesis of this knowledge will contribute to enhancing the effective-ness, autonomy, and applicability of UAVs in diverse fields such as surveillance, agriculture, disaster management, and environmental monitoring.

The article is devoted to the issues of assessing the impact of changes in the delay value in the feed direction, what determines the regenerative nature of self-excitation of the cutting system, on the dynamics of metal processing on metal-cutting machines. It is this interconnected model of the cutting system that allows to identify the main dynamic effects that occur in the cutting system, including the effect of vibrations regeneration when cutting along the track. The article also has a section dedicated to the experiment on a real metalworking machine, on which vibrations of the top of the cutting wedge of the tool were measured and based on these data, a real calculation of the delay time and the magnitude of the change in the area of the cut layer was carried out, due to variations in the real feed. The conducted studies have shown that in addition to the vibrations of the cutting tool in the direction of feeding, the vibration activity of the tool in the direction of cutting plays an essential role in ensuring the regenerative effect. The delay time constant of the operator is formed, which determines the real value of the feed during cutting.

Regular regimes of oil and oil products pipelines are studied. The problem is to develop an algorithm of effective pipeline system control that ensures the fulfillment of specified boundary conditions at the system boundaries. The product is pumped in batches, the flow is characterized by a change in temperature and pressure flow parameters over time. The developed solution method uses the principle of decomposition in the sense that each computational iteration is im-plemented in 3 stages, in three nested loops. The inner cycle is connected with the material bal-ance relations, at the next cycle the flow equations are introduced and the fulfillment of the 2nd Kirchhoff's law is monitored. If the flow process is significantly affected by temperature, then an external cycle is also implemented, correcting the solution so that the energy conservation equa-tion is satisfied. In the calculation procedure, some computational difficulties may arise, which consist in choosing an appropriate optimization method. On a specific example, the possibility of using various library programs to solve the problem was checked. The developed method is suita-ble for the analysis of systems of arbitrary topology. Since the method is not time-consuming, it can be recommended for online control of oil and oil products supply systems. The paper opens a new direction in the theory of hydraulic circuits. It uses both traditional methods of continuum mechanics and stochastic models.

Recently, new advanced techniques have been proposed to improve the quality of smart grids that use intermittent renewable energy sources. One of the most effective techniques is active filtering, which utilizes a power electronic converter in the smart load. This technique has the potential to enhance the power quality of the supply voltage by minimizing current harmonics, which is crucial. In this article, we propose a new command intelligence system based on Fuzzy PI fractional (fuzzy FOPI) and GA to control the harmonic currents generated by an active filter powered by a wind system.

This work investigates the sliding mode control (SMC) problem for a class of uncertain switched systems subject to asynchronous switching and an assigned finite time constraint. Two important issues are how to ensure the reachability of state trajectories within the assigned time and the input-to-output finite-time stability (IO-FTS) of the closed-loop switched systems during the whole phase under asynchronous switching. To achieve these objectives, an asynchronous sliding mode controller with adjustable parameters is constructed to drive the state trajectories onto the sliding surface during the assigned finite-time interval. By means of the partitioning strategy, sufficient conditions for the IO-FTS of the closed-loop switched are derived during the whole phase [0,T] using the multiple Lyapunov function (MLF) approach. Additionally, the asynchronous characteristics are detailedly investigated while analyzing the reachability of a specified sliding surface. Finally, an illustrative example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The process industry is confronted with rising demands for flexibility and efficiency. One way to achieve this are modular process plants that consist of pre-manufactured modules with their own decentralized intelligence. Plants are then composed of these modules as unchangeable building blocks and can be easily re-configured for different products. Condition monitoring of such plants is necessary, but available solutions are not applicable. The authors suggest an approach in which model-based symptoms are derived from few measurements and observers that are based on manufacturer knowledge. The comparisons of redundant observers lead to residuals that are classified to obtain symptoms. These symptoms can be communicated to the plant control and are inputs to an easily adaptable diagnosis. The implementation and validation at a modular mixing plant showcases the feasibility and the potential of this approach.

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated considerable potential in solving challenges across various domains, notably in autonomous driving. Nevertheless, implementing RL in autonomous driving comes with its own set of difficulties, such as the overestimation phenomenon, extensive learning time, and sparse reward problems. Although solutions like Hindsight Experience Replay (HER) have been proposed to alleviate these issues, the direct utilization of RL in autonomous vehicles remains constrained due to the intricate fusion of information and the possibility of system failures during the learning process. In this paper, we present a novel RL-based autonomous driving system technology that combines Obstacle Dependent Gaussian (ODG) RL, Soft Actor-Critic (SAC), and meta-learning algorithms. Our approach addresses key issues in RL, including the overestimation phenomenon and sparse reward problems, by incorporating prior knowledge derived from the ODG algorithm. We evaluated our proposed algorithm on official F1 circuits, using high-fidelity racing simulations with complex dynamics. The results demonstrate exceptional performance, with our method achieving up to 89% faster learning speed compared to existing algorithms in these environments.

Since the come up in the 70´s, various decentralized control methodologies have been developed to deal with the challenge of controlling complex and/or spatially distributed systems with multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO), e.g., chemical plants, power systems, water systems, etc. In general, the use of distributed information and control structures requires to synthesize control laws in a constrained (decentralized) information structure. The article presents another version of the unified frequency domain robust decentralized controller design method [1]. The proposed design procedure is appropriate for uncertain dynamic MIMO systems given as a set of transfer function matrices. Its main framework is provided by the Equivalent Subsystems Method [1, 24] guaranteeing fulfillment of the necessary and sufficient stability condition of the overall closed-loop system if individual closed-loop equivalent subsystems are stable. Generating sets of equivalent subsystems for all transfer function matrices describing the uncertain MIMO plant allows to use the QFT method [19] to independently design local robust SISO controllers that constitute the resulting decentralized controller implemented on true subsystems. The developed design procedure is verified and illustrated on a case study on robust decentralized level controller design for a quadruple tank process [2, 24].

This paper studies the trajectory tracking control of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) based on a stochastic uncertain nonlinear system. We investigate the time-varying gain adaptive control method looking for possible approaches to alleviate the heavy computational burden. Under nonlinear growth, conditions satisfy polynomial growth conditions. These two problems are resolved the fast response time and good path tracking, respectively. Novel adaptive algorithms are developed exploiting the dynamic properties of the AUV motion. By appropriately turning the original controller design problems into parameters choosing problems and then solving them in a functional time-varying observer technical theorem. In order to deal with the station error of system converges to arbitrarily small domains with stochastic uncertain disturbance. A coordinate transformation is proposed for all system states to meet boundedness. We show that the convergence of the AUV trajectory errors can be guaranteed by the proposed contraction constraints in the stability analysis, closed-loop stability is proved, and the system is asymptotically probabilistic in the global scope. They are taking advantage of the guaranteed stability. Extensive simulation studies on the AUV model demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach. A real-time time-varying gain constructive control strategy is further developed for the Hardware-in-the-loop simulation; the controller design results are imported into the AUV actuator model to verify the effectiveness of the controller design.

Current research on smart cities is primarily focused on the area of applicability of information and communication technologies. However, in the context of a multidisciplinary approach, it is also necessary to pay attention to the resilience and converged security of individual infrastructures. Converged security represents a particular security type based on a selected spectrum of certain convergent security types of, assuming the creation of a complementary whole. Considering the outputs of the analysis of security breaches manifestations, this kind of security makes it possible to detect emerging security breaches earlier (still in the symptom stage), thus providing a more efficient and targeted solution suitable for building smart city infrastructure. In its essence, the article refers the practical application of the theoretical principles of converged security presented in the publication to a functional sample, deployed and tested in practical conditions of selected smart city infrastructure protection and resilience. Considering the nature of the practical application, the convergence of a wider spectrum of smart security alarm systems in the context of resilience assessment is defined. In the beginning, the general principles of security/ safety and the need for their convergence are presented. In this context, the mathematical model called Converged Resilience Assessment method is presented for better understanding. Subsequently, PSIM and SIEM systems are described as a technological concept that can be used for resilience assessment. The most beneficial part is the structural, process and functional description of the Converged Security and Information Management System (CSIM) using the concept of smart security alarm systems converged security.

Currently, a wide variety of velocity profiles are used in motion control. Thus, this paper compares the energy consumption of three parabolic, trapezoidal, and S-curve profiles. We studied the case of using embedded systems since they are a powerful solution to monitor and coordinate the movement of devices and machinery in various industries combined with motion control applications. These integrated systems allow precise and efficient control of motors and actuators through control and feedback algorithms. In addition, we propose an alternative methodology for implementing motion controllers using an Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) microcontroller, which computes the trajectory and the control action in real-time. We conducted an experiment using a linear plant composed of a direct current (DC) motor coupled to an endless screw where a carriage is mounted that can move mechanically along a rail a distance of 1.16m. In addition, a 4096 pulses per revolution (PPR) encoder is connected to the motor to measure position and angular velocity, which compute the distance the carriage has moved in meters. A current sensor is used to assess the energy consumption, and 40 tests for each profile were carried out to compare the energy consumption for the three-motion profiles considering cases with and without load on the carriage.

In this paper, a robust nonlinear dynamic controller is designed for a wind turbine with a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The wind turbine is subject to variations in all the parameters appearing in its mathematical model. Furthermore, the wind velocity is considered unavailable for direct measurement. This situation is of particular interest in practical applications, where only the nominal parameter values are known, and accurate wind velocity measurement is challenging due to perturbations caused by the turbine itself, even with appropriate sensors. The problem addressed in this work involves tracking the reference angular velocity corresponding to the wind velocity. To achieve accurate tracking, appropriate compensation of the perturbation terms resulting from parameter uncertainties and wind estimation errors is required. To address this problem, an estimator of the wind velocity is utilized, along with high–order sliding mode parameter estimators, to ensure high–performance operation of the turbine.

The dairy industry relies heavily on milk pasteurization to ensure the safety and quality of milk products. Pasteurization is a process that involves heating milk to a specific temperature for a set period of time to kill harmful bacteria and other pathogens while preserving its nutritional value. In recent years, newer techniques such as High-Temperature Short-Time (HTST) pasteurization have gained popularity due to their efficiency and effectiveness. HTST pasteurization involves rapidly heating milk to a high temperature for a short duration of time, followed by rapid cooling. This process helps to minimize the loss of flavor and nutrients in milk while ensuring its safety. However, there is still a need in the market for a compact and remotely controlled process plant for milk pasteurization. The proposed work aims to address this need by designing a process plant that is not only compact but also remotely controlled, allowing for efficient and convenient operation. can control the process plant remotely, allowing for flexibility and convenience in monitoring and managing the pasteurization process from anywhere with an internet connection.

This paper introduces an alternative method to design the path following controller of an under-actuated spherical mobile robot, which has a single pendulum structure its inside as a driving mechanism. The mechanism has an under-actuated problem; two inputs for the roll and pitch but no direct input for the yaw. In order to overcome this problem, the proposed method defines a virtual reference input for the heading direction. The virtual reference input works as a control input since it can be arbitrarily designed just like the reference input of a conventional system. The control scheme using the defined virtual reference input achieves the stabilization and path following control of the under-actuated spherical mobile robot without any additional control technique. The stability of the proposed control scheme is guaranteed by Lyapunov stability analysis, and simulation results are given to demonstrate its performance.

ORB (Oriented FAST and Rotated Brief) features are the most commonly used features in visual SLAM and visual odometry that have high computational speed, and rotation scale invariance. However, due to the homogenization of ORB features, the corner properties of specific features are poor in some artificial environments, and it can lead to poor matching performance when the environmental texture is not rich. The underlying reason is that the pixel grayscale changes in the less-richly textured regions on the image are not obvious, leading to a certain degree of mis-matching in the matching process. At the same time, when the camera motion speed is low, there is much overlap between adjacent frames. This results in minimal or almost no changes in the projection of feature points, and the system is highly sensitive to errors, In this case, even small errors can cause significant fluctuations in the calculation results. In response to the above issues, an improved feature point method for stereo vision mileage calculation is proposed to solve the problem of system stability deterioration when cameras move at low speeds in artificial envi-ronments. Firstly, weight calculation based on different texture regions is used to solve the problem of low corner properties of feature points caused by environmental texture differences. Then, keyframes are used for motion model estimation to improve the system's stability under low-speed motion. The experimental results of the dataset showed that the key frame rate was optimal between 10% and 12%, and the positioning accuracy was higher than these open-source systems compared with three common open-source VO systems.

This paper discusses the use of networks of Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) for the reconstruction of trajectories from sensor data. Logistics is a natural application domain, to verify the quality of the handling of goods. This is a mass application and the economics of logistics impose that IMUs to be used must be low cost and use basic computational devices. The approach in the paper converts a strategy from the literature, used in the multi-target following problem, to reaching a consensus in a network of IMUs. The paper presents results on how to achieve the consensus in trajectory reconstruction, along with covariance intersection data fusion of the information obtained by all nodes in the network.

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are at the forefront of advancements in transportation, offering enhanced efficiency, safety, and environmental friendliness. To enable ITS, autonomous systems play a pivotal role, leveraging breakthroughs in autonomous driving, data-driven modeling, and multiagent control strategies to establish sustainable and coordinated traffic management. The integration of connected and automated vehicles has garnered significant attention as a potential solution for alleviating traffic congestion and improving fuel economy, achieved through global route optimization and cooperative driving. This study focuses on a predictive control perspective to address the cooperative cruise control problem. Online decision-making is employed during the driving process, utilizing information gathered from the network. By employing bargaining games to establish an operating agreement among vehicles, we formalize a synchronization approach based on predictive control theory. Ultimately, these findings are put to the test in an emulation environment within a hardware-in-the-loop system.

In swarm-robotics foraging, the purpose of task allocation is to adjust the number of active foraging robots dynamically based on the task demands and changing environment. It is a difficult challenge to generate self-organized foraging behavior in which each robot can adapt to environmental changes. To complete the foraging task efficiently, this paper presents a novel self-organized task allocation strategy known as the dynamic response threshold model (DRTM). To adjust the behavior of the active foraging robots, the proposed DRTM newly introduces the traffic flow density, which can be used to evaluate the robot density. First, the traffic flow density and the amount of obstacle avoidance are used to adjust the threshold which determines the tendency of a robot to respond to a stimulus in the environment. Then, each individual robot uses the threshold and external stimulus to calculate the foraging probability that determines whether or not to go foraging. Simulation and physical experiments are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The experimental results show that the DRTM is superior to and more efficient than the adaptive response threshold model (ARTM) in swarm foraging.

The prediction of system degradation is very important as it serves as an important basis for the formulation of condition-based maintenance strategies. An effective health indicator (HI) plays a key role in the prediction of system degradation as it enables vital information for critical tasks ranging from fault diagnosis to remaining useful life prediction. To address this issue, a method for monitoring data fusion and health indicator construction based on autoencoder (AE) and long short-term memory (LSTM) network is proposed to improve the predictability and effectiveness of health indicator in this study. Firstly, an unsupervised method and overall framework for HI construction is built based on deep autoencoder and LSTM neural network. The neural network is trained fully based on the normal operating monitoring data and then the construction error of the AE model is adopted as the health indicator of the system. Secondly, we propose related machine learning techniques for monitoring data processing to overcome the issue of data fusion, like mutual information for sensor selection and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (T-SNE) for operating condition identification, etc. Thirdly, in order to verify the performance of the proposed method, experiments are conducted based on CMAPSS dataset and results are compared with algorithms of principal component analysis (PCA) and vanilla autoencoder model. Result shows that LSTM-AE model outperforms the PCA and Vanilla-AE model in metrics of monotonicity, trendability, prognosability and fitness. Fourthly, in order to analyze the impact of the time step of the LSMT-AE model on HI construction, we construct and analyze the system HI curve under different time steps of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 cycles. Finally, the results demonstrate that the proposed method for HI construction can effectively characterize the health state of system, which is helpful for further failure prognostics and converting the scheduled maintenance into condition-based maintenance.

In this paper, a novel strategy is adopted in a degradation model to affect the implied lifetime distribution. The multiplicative degradation model is utilized as a postulate in the model. It will be established that the implied lifetime distribution forms a classical mixture model. In this mixture model, time-to-failure is lying with some probabilities between two first passage times of the degradation process to reach two specified levels. Stochastic comparisons in the model under a change in the probabilities are studied. Several examples are provided to highlight the applicability of the results in the cases when typical degradation models are candidate.

The robust fusion estimation problem of a multi-sensor system with communication constraints, random packet drops, d-step state delays, and deterministic control inputs is investigated. The state augmentation method is used to transform the time delay system into a non-time delay system, and then a robust fusion estimation algorithm based on sensitivity penalty is proposed and the pseudo-cross-covariance matrix is updated. An event-triggered robust fusion estimator with state delay and deterministic control inputs is considered to make the model closer to reality while effectively reducing network congestion and lowering communication costs. Conditions are given to ensure that the estimation errors of the robust fusion estimator are uniform boundedness. Two sets of numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the derived fusion estimator.

The development of knowledge graphs for water resources as a tool for studying sustainable regional development is a relevant task, as the increasing deterioration of water bodies affects the ecology, economy of the country, as well as the health of the population living near water bodies. Solving this problem requires the development of water resource monitoring methods based on semantic data analysis is required to detect and track sources of pollution and provide recommendations to support decision-making. This research proposes a method of semantic analysis for modeling knowledge graphs and constructing rules that enable the integration of data from heterogeneous sources, semantic compatibility, support for reasoning and inference, facilitate queries and search, and represent knowledge in the field of water resource monitoring. As a result, an ontology based on the SWRL language is created, which enables the expression of complex relationships and derivation of new knowledge, SSN for interaction between the ontology and sensor data, and Time Ontology, which models and analyzes information related to temporal aspects.After populating the ontology and establishing logical connections, SPARQL queries are implemented to retrieve new knowledge about water resources.

Soft tactile sensors based on piezoresistive materials have various large-area sensing applications. However, their accuracy is often affected by hysteresis, a phenomenon that poses a significant challenge during operation. This paper introduces a novel approach that employs a backpropagation (BP) neural network to address the hysteresis nonlinearity in conductive fibre-based tactile sensors. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed method, four sensor units with different layer configurations (1, 3, 6, and 12) were designed. These sensor units underwent force sequences to collect corresponding output resistances. A backpropagation network was trained using these force sequences, thereby correcting the resistance values. The training process exhibited excellent convergence, effectively adjusting the network's parameters to minimize the error between predicted and actual resistance values. As a result, the trained BP network accurately predicted the output resistances. Several validation experiments were conducted to highlight the primary contribution of this research. The proposed method reduced the maximum hysteresis error from 24.2% of the sensor's full-scale output to 13.5%. This improvement establishes the approach as a promising solution for enhancing the accuracy of soft tactile sensors based on piezoresistive materials. By effectively mitigating hysteresis nonlinearity, the capabilities of soft tactile sensors in various applications can be enhanced. These sensors become more reliable and more efficient tools for force measurement and control, particularly in the fields of soft robotics and wearable technology. Consequently, their widespread applications extend to robotics, medical devices, consumer electronics, and gaming. Notably, the complete elimination of hysteresis in tactile sensors may not be feasible. Nevertheless, the proposed method effectively modifies the hysteresis nonlinearity, leading to improved sensor output accuracy.

This paper presents a method of fusion of identification (attribute) information provided by two types of sensors: combined primary and secondary (IFF) surveillance radars and ESM (Electronic Support Measures). In the first section, the basic taxonomy of attribute identification is adopted in accordance with the standards of STANAG 1241 ed. 5 and STANAG 1241 ed. 6 (draft). These standards provide the following basic values of the attribute identifications: FRIEND, HOSTILE, NEUTRAL, UNKNOWN and additional values: ASSUMED FRIEND and SUSPECT. The basis of theoretical considerations is Dezert-Smarandache theory (DSmT) of inference. The paper presents and practically uses for combining identification information from different ESM sensors and radars six information fusion rules proposed by DSmT - the Proportional Conflict Redistribution rules (PCR1, PCR2, PCR3, PCR4, PCR5 and PCR6). In the paper, rules of determining attribute information by ESM sensor equipped with the data base of radar emitters are presented. It was proposed that each signal vector sent by the ESM sensor contained an extension specifying a randomized identification declaration (hypothesis) - basic belief assignment (BBA). The paper also presents a model for determining the basic belief assignment for a combined primary and secondary radar. Results of the PCR rules of sensor information combining for different scenarios of radio-electronic situation (deterministic and Monte Carlo) are presented in the final part of the paper. They confirm the legitimacy of the use of Dezert-Smarandache theory into information fusion for primary radars, secondary radars and ESM sensors.

The development of hybrid unmanned aerial underwater vehicles (HAUVs) compatible with the advantages of the aerial vehicles and the underwater vehicles is of great significance. This paper presents the first study on a new HAUV layout using four rotors to realize the medium crossing motion of a transverse slender body similar to the fuselage of a missile or a submarine, that is the hybrid aerial underwater quadrotor (HAUQ). Then a robust control strategy is proposed for the take-off HAUQ on the water in the presence of unknown disturbances and complex model dynamic uncertainties. As a semi-submersible HAUQ rises straightly from the water, the inside of the slender fuselage placed horizontally is filled with water. The center of the mass, the moment of inertia, and the arm of force of the HAUQ will change rapidly in the takeoff phase from the water since the rapid non-uniform change of mass caused by the passive fast drainage. It is difficult to establish a accurate mathematical model of the complex dynamic changes caused by the multi-media dynamics, the fast changing buoyancy, and the added mass crossing air–water surface. Therefore, an uncertain kinematic and dynamic model is established through the passive fast nonuniform change and the complex dynamics are considered as the unknown terms, and the external disturbances of gust and other factors are assumed as the bounded disturbance input. A robust design approach is introduced to deal with the fast time-varying mass disturbance based on the input-to-state stability (ISS) theorem. The complex dynamics are estimated using the basis function and the unknown weight parameters, and the adaptive laws are adopted for the on-line estimation of the unknown weight parameters. Consider the residual disturbance of the uncertain nonlinear system as a total disturbance term, a disturbance observer is introduced for disturbance observation. The numerical simulation shows the feasibility and robustness of the proposed algorithm.

Taking a certain type of test centrifuge as the research object, the finite element model of the test centrifuge is established, the vibration characteristics and aerodynamic performance of the test centrifuge are analyzed, and the structural optimization design of the test centrifuge is carried out. In this paper, the load is applied according to the actual working condition of a certain type of test centrifuge. The vibration of the mounting seat of the test centrifuge is analyzed and the structure of the mounting seat is optimized. After optimization, the vibration of the mounting seat is 77.38 % lower than that of the original mounting seat. Then, the aerodynamic analysis of the test centrifuge is carried out. The analysis results show that the test centrifuge moves more smoothly under the whole package shell and the steady flow shell, and the resistance decreases and the shaft load decreases. Finally, the steady flow shell of the test centrifuge is optimized. The analysis shows that the increase of the width of the steady flow shell can reduce the resistance coefficient, which is helpful to the stability of the test centrifuge during operation and reduces the unbalanced response of the system caused by air resistance.

In this paper, a multirotor UAV platform based on the PX4 ecosystem was discussed, which in combination with the MATLAB Simulink programming environment enables utilization in various aspects of mechatronic engineering education. Extensive testing of the UAV platform control module was performed, in order to enable implementation in engineering education. In the design phase of the educational platform, take-off-the-shelf components were selected and tested, and airframe parts were manufactured using rapid prototyping technologies. The proposed educational platform with four rotors was presented and tested. The learning outcomes of the undergraduate mechatronics professional study program according to the Croatian Qualifications Framework and related to the considered platform are shown. A preliminary framework of laboratory exercises for the field of mechatronic systems control is investigated.

This paper presents an analysis of the sensitivity of controlling an autonomous surface object among a group of encountered objects to the inaccuracy of state control process data. For this purpose, a safe and optimal model of the control process was defined. An algorithm for determining the optimal and safe trajectory of an object, based on the multi-object game model, was developed; for comparative analysis, an algorithm for calculating only the optimal trajectory, not taking into account the maneuverability of other objects, was additionally developed. First, simulation-based studies of the algorithms enabled a comparative analysis of a number of different acceptable strategies for optimally shifting the trajectory of maneuvering objects from a single initial direction. Thereafter, the main goal of this paper was implemented: an analysis of the sensitivity characteristics of safe control, assessed with the risk of collision, both on the inaccuracy of navigation data and on the number of possible control strategies. Finally, final conclusions and a plan for further research on the subject of the paper were formulated.

Starting from the fact that in sensorless control systems of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) the load torque can have short and significant variations, this paper presents the sensorless control of a PMSM based on a Linear Adaptive Disturbance Rejection Controller (LADRC) type controller. Essentially, the successful operation of the LADRC controller to achieve PMSM rotor speed control performance depends on a good estimation of the disturbances acting on the system. Traditionally, an Extended State Observer (ESO) is used to make such an estimate. In this paper, it is proposed to use a Disturbance Observer (DO) to estimate the external disturbances, and after their rejection, the LADRC controller ensures an equivalent global behavior of the control system with an ideal double integrator, and thus increased ease in achieving the desired control performance. Control structures and Matlab/Simulink implementation of the sensorless PMSM control system based on LADRC controller with ESO/DO type observer are presented, as well as its use in tandem with a Reinforcement Learning Twin-Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (RL-TD3) specially trained agent that provides correction signals for more accurate estimation of external disturbances and hence improved control performance. Qualitatively superior performance is achieved by using LADRC with the RL-TD3 agent control structure in terms of parametric robustness, response time, and steady-state error. Also, by calculating the fractal dimension (DF) of the controlled signal and the PMSM rotor speed, it is found that the higher the DF, the better the performance of the control system. The validation of the superiority of the proposed control structures is carried out by means of numerical simulations in the Matlab/Simulink environment.

The paper deals with one new property of the linear time-optimal control problems with real eigenvalues of the system, no matter of the number of eigenvalue multiplicity. This property unveils a prospective of synthesizing the time-optimal control without the need of describing the switching hyper-surfaces. The already chrestomathy example of the time-optimal control of a double integrator is resolved by the new technique and compared with the classical synthesis.

The complexity of objects and control systems increases the requirements for mathematical models. The structural identifiability (SI) assessment of nonlinear systems is one of the identification problems. Until now, this problem solves by parametric methods using various approximation methods. This approach is not always effective under uncertainty. We apply an approach to SI estimation based on the analysis of virtual structures. The requirements form for the system input based on the expansion of the excitation constancy property and S-synchronizability. The approach generalization to structural identifiability used in the analysis of systems with symmetric nonlinearity is given. homothety and identifiability conditions for systems with non-symmetric nonlinearities (SNN) obtained. The detectability and recoverability proofed for virtual frameworks (VF) guaranteed the SI estimation under uncertainty. The conditions under which the non-symmetric nonlinearity is hypothetical symmetric nonlinearity obtained. SI estimation examples considered for closed nonlinear systems under uncertainty.

The paper analyzes the phenomenon that condition the durability and reliability of a type of dental bur based on the wear of the active part and with effect on its quality. For the experimental study, a conical-cylindrical dental bur and a sample dental material in cobalt-chromium alloy, cylindrical shape, tested on a specially made experimental installation were used. The paper was limited to the consideration of a single parameter (loss of mass, mw by wear of the active part of the dental bur tested) for the establishment the durability and reliability, useful for the extension of the lifetime or even optimization of its operation. The wear phenomenon of the active part of dental bur is studied based on the results and experimental data obtained in the work process that was validated by interpolation and led to polynomial functions which approximate very well the dependent parameter, mw, considered in the experimental program. The results of the interpolation showed that in the first 11 h of work, the dental bur works with high efficiency, after which it can be easily decommissioned (optimizing operation, possibly constructive solutions); i.e., it should be replaced with a new one (criterion for replacing of worn dental bur).

Due to the accelerated development of the offshore method of oil production in recent decades, especially in the Arctic region, the risks of crude oil pollution of the waters of the World Ocean are inevitably increasing. These oil spills during the exploitation of shelf deposits, transportation of oil from production sites and other anthropogenic impacts have a devastating impact on the marine biosphere, economy and life of coastal regions. For operative monitoring of water surface and fixation of oil spills it is necessary to use modern, effective and reliable methods, remote monitoring tools. One of such methods is radar. This article deals with increasing the efficiency of the radar method of water surface monitoring by means of constructive modification of the radar antenna array and changing the shape of the radio signal. As a result of the literature review, theoretical analysis of radar and conducted mathematical modeling it is substantiated the increase of radar monitoring efficiency by using phased active antenna array and construction of the cosecant-squared pattern diagram of the radio signal.

Electrical rotating machines like Induction Motors (IMs) are widely used in several industrial applications since their robust elements, provide high efficiency and give versatility in industrial applications. Nevertheless, the occurrence of faults in IMs is inherent to their operating conditions, hence, Inter-turn short-circuit (ITSC) is one of the most common failures that affect IMs and its appearance is due to electrical stresses leads to the degradation of the stator winding insulation. In this regard, this work proposes a diagnosis methodology for the assessment and detection of incipient ITSC in IMs, the proposed method is based on the processing of vibration, stator currents and magnetic stray-flux signals. Certainly, the novelty and contribution include the characterization of different physical magnitudes by estimating a set of statistical time domain features, as well as, their fusion and reduction through the Linear discriminant Analysis technique within a feature-level fusion approach. Furthermore, the fusion and reduction of information from different physical magnitudes leads to perform the automatic fault detection and identification by a simple Neural-Network (NN) structure. The proposed method is evaluated under a complete set of experimental data and the obtained results demonstrate that the fusion of information from different sources (physical magnitudes) allows to improve the accuracy during the detection of ITSC in IMs , the results make this proposal feasible to be incorporated as a part of condition-based maintenance programs in the industry.

Nowadays, cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are composed of more and more agents and the demand for designers to develop ever larger multi-agent systems is a fact. When the number of agents increases, several challenges related to control or communication problems arise due to the lack of scalability of existing solutions. It is important to develop tools that allow control strategies evaluation of large-scale systems. In this paper, it is considered that a CPS is a heterogeneous robot multi-agent system that cooperatively performs a formation task through a wireless network. The goal of this research is to evaluate the system's performance when the number of agents increases. To this end, two different mixed reality frameworks developed with the open-source tools Gazebo and Webots are used. These frameworks enable combining both real and virtual agents in a realistic scenario allowing scalability experiences. They also reduce the costs required when a significant number of robots operate in a real environment, as experiences can be conducted with a few real robots and a higher number of virtual robots by mimicking the real ones. Currently, the frameworks include several types of robots being the aerial robot Crazyflie 2.1 and differential mobile robots Khepera IV those used in this work. To illustrate the usage and performance of the frameworks, an event-based control strategy for rigid formations varying the number of agents is analyzed. The agents should achieve a formation defined by a set of desired Euclidean distances to their neighbors. To compare the scalability of the system in the two different tools, the following metrics have been used: formation error, CPU usage percentage, and the ratio between the real-time and the simulation time. The results show the feasibility of using Robot Operating System (ROS) 2 in distributed architectures for multi-agent systems in mixed reality experiences regardless of the number of agents and their nature. However, the two tools under study present different behaviors when the number of virtual agents grows in some of the parameters, and such discrepancies are analyzed.

Industrial process control systems commonly exhibit features of time-varying, strong coupling, and strong nonlinearity. Obtaining accurate mathematical models of these nonlinear systems and achieving satisfactory control performance is still a challenging task. In this paper, data-driven modeling techniques and deep learning methods are used to accurately capture a category of smooth nonlinear system’s spatiotemporal features. The operating point of these systems may change over time, and their nonlinear characteristics can be locally linearized. We established the LSTM-CNN-ARX model by utilizing a fusion of long short-term memory (LSTM) network and convolutional neural network (CNN) to fit the coefficients of the state-dependent exogenous variable autoregressive (SD-ARX) model. Compared to other models, the hybrid LSTM-CNN-ARX model is more effective in capturing the nonlinear system’s spatiotemporal characteristics due to its incorporating the strengths of LSTM for learning temporal characteristics and CNN for capturing spatial characteristics. The model-based predictive control (MPC) strategy, namely LSTM-CNN-ARX-MPC, is developed by utilizing the model's local linear and global nonlinear features. The control comparison experiments conducted on a water tank system (WTS) show the effectiveness of the developed models and MPC methods.

This article seeks to strengthen efforts in technological developments based on the classification of PET plastic that positively impacts sustainable development and contributes to suitable solutions in collection centers in Mexico. Three experiment designs and machine learning tools for data processing were developed. For the experimentation, three factors were considered: the bottle's size, the amount of liquids inside the bottle, and the label on the bottle. The first experiment was to identify the distance of the sensor from post-consumer PET bottles. The second experiment was to determine the detection ability of the sensor with different levels of liquids inside the bottles, and the third was to determine the detection ability on the bottle labels. A digital lux meter on a microcontroller was developed to monitor illuminance on post-consumer PET plastic when it contains liquid as it passes through a conveyor belt for processing at an average rate of three bottles per second. With the implemented methodology, liquids were satisfactorily detected inside the transparent PET bottles when they had beverages between 25% and 100% of their capacity. Finally, this paper highlights that it is possible to implement an affordable design to identify bottles with liquids for collection centers.

The device and method in accordance with the constant pressure regulation of micro droplet PCR in microfluidic chips are developed to explore the optimization way for the micro droplet movement, fragmentation, and bubble generation in microfluidic chips in existing digital PCR technology. In the developed device, an air source device is adopted to regulate the pressure in the chip, such that micro droplet generation and PCR amplification without bubbles can be achieved. In 3 min, the sample in 20ul will be distributed into nearly 50,000 water-in-oil droplets exhibiting a diameter of about 87μm, and the micro droplet will be subjected to a close arrangement in the chip without air bubbles. The device and chip are adopted to quantitatively detect the human gene . As indicated by the experimental results, a good linear relationship exists between detection signal and DNA concentration ranging from 101~ 105 copies /μL (R2=0.999). The micro droplet PCR devices based on constant pressure regulation chips exhibit a wide variety of advantages (e.g., achieving high pollution resistance, micro droplet fragmentation and integration avoidance, reducing human interference, and standardizing results). Thus, micro droplet PCR devices based on constant pressure regulation chips have promising applications in nucleic acid quantification.

To improve the measurement accuracy of wood density and study the linear correlation between the drill feed resistance and wood density, a new micro drill instrument that can can simultaneously measure the rotation resistance and feed resistance of the drill needle was designed. The test wood samples included hardwood, softwood and conifer. The absolute dry density of each wood sample was measured. The drill resistance data was tested by using self-developed micro drill instrument and Resistogaph 650-SC. 4 linear models between drill resistance and the absolute dry density of wood . The results showed that: the statistical indicators of each model of the self-made micro drill resistance in-strument were better than the corresponding indicators of Resistogaph 650-SC; the coefficient of determination of the linear regression model between the feed resistance of the self-made micro drill resistance instrument and the absolute dry density of wood was 0.946; the statistical indicators of model including rotation resistance and feed resistance, were better than those of the model only including rotation resistance. Therefor, the design proposed in the article is reasonable, and increasing the feed resistance can improve the measurement accuracy of the micro drill resistance instrument for measuring wood density.

Fires pose a significant threat to human life and property. An autonomous fire detection and fighting robot has the potential to mitigate the challenges associated with firefighting. This paper presents the implementation of an autonomous fire detection and fighting robot equipped with sensors, algorithms, and actuators to detect, locate, and suppress fires autonomously. The robot's mechanical and electrical components were designed, prototyped, and tested in a controlled environment to evaluate its ability to navigate through obstacles, detect fires, and suppress them autonomously. The results show that the robot effectively detects and suppresses fires, making it a promising solution for firefighting applications. The study contributes to the development of autonomous robots for firefighting, enhancing the safety of firefighters and the effectiveness of firefighting operations.

This paper investigates the dynamic properties of artificial neural networks using differential equations and explores the influence of parameters on stability and neural oscillations. By analyzing the equilibrium point of the differential equations, we identify conditions for asymptotic stability and criteria for oscillation in artificial neural networks. Furthermore, we demonstrate how adjusting synaptic weights between neurons can effectively control stability and oscillation. The proposed model offers potential insights into the malfunctioning mechanisms of biological neural networks implicated in neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease tremors and epilepsy seizures, which are characterized by abnormal oscillations.

This paper proposes a multi-terminal adaptive collaborative operation method to solve the problem of unstable internal force tracking in clamping and handling unknown objects by multi-terminal robots. In the proposed method, the internal command force changes the complex internal force control problem into an internal force tracking problem from multi-slave to master. Moreover, we develop an algorithm for multi-slave setups to estimate object stiffness and motion uncertainty in the direction of the internal command force according to Lyapunov theory. Finally, the impedance control generates a reference trajectory for the multi-slave to maintain the desired internal force and track the master’s motion. Several experiments are conducted on a self-made robot equipped. The experimental results show that the oscillation amplitude of each slave end is less than 1 mm, the directional oscillation amplitude is less than 1 degree during the tracking of the desired commanded internal force. For objects with low stiffness, the error of the commanded internal force is less than 1 N (6%) per slave. The error in tracking the commanded internal force for objects with high stiffness is less than 2 N (8%). The results prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Control of autonomous robot motion in radial mass density field is presented. In that sense the robot motion is described as the function of the radial mass density parameters. The radial mass density field is between the maximal radial mass density and the minimal radial mass density. Between these two limited values one can use n points (n = 1, 2, . . . nmax) and calculate the related radial mass density for each point. The radial mass density is maximal at the minimal gravitational radius and minimal at the maximal gravitational radius. This conclusion is valid for Planck scale, but also for the scales that are less or higher of that one. Using the ratio of the Planck mass and Planck radius it is generated energy conservation constant with value κ = 0.99993392118. Further, in this theory it is possible to connect Planck’s and gravitational parameters as functions of the maximal (or minimal) radial mass density. In that sense the autonomous robot motion in radial mass density field is important for the control of the robot motion at micro and nano scales.

In the context of Kalman filters, the predicted error covariance matrix $\mathbf{P}_{k+1}$ and measurement noise covariance matrix $\mathbf{R}$ are used to represent the uncertainty of state variables and measurement noise, respectively. However, in real-world situations, these matrices may vary with time due to measurement faults. To address this issue in CubeSat attitude estimation, an adaptive extended Kalman filter has been proposed that can dynamically estimate the predicted error covariance matrix and measurement noise covariance matrix using an expectation-maximization approach. Simulation experiments have shown that this algorithm outperforms existing methods in terms of attitude estimation accuracy, particularly in sunlit and shadowed phases of the orbit, with the same filtering parameters and initial conditions.

This paper presents a cascade predictive control structure based on the field-oriented control (FOC) in the dq rotor reference frame for the synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM). The constant d-axis current control strategy was used and thus, the electromagnetic torque was directly controlled by the q-axis current. Because the model of the two axes currents from the inner loop is a coupled non-linear multivariable one, to non-interaction linear control the two currents, their decoupling was achieved through feedforward components. Following the decoupling, two independent monovariable linear systems resulted for the two currents dynamics that were controlled using model predictive control (MPC) algorithms, considering their ability to automatically handle the state bounds. The most important bounds for SynRM are the limits imposed on currents and voltages, which in the dq plane correspond to a circular limit. To avoid computational effort, linear limitations were adopted through polygonal approximations, resulting in rectangular regions in the dq plane. For the outer loop that controls the angular speed with a constrained MPC algorithm, as plant was considered the q-axis current closed loop dynamics and the torque linear equation. To evaluate the performances of the proposed cascade predictive control structure, a simulation study using MPC controllers versus PI ones was conducted.

This work presents a new scheme for autonomous control and obstacle detection of a catamaran unmanned surface vessel. Based on the Newtonian mechanics, hydrodynamics, and maneuvering modelling group modelling principles in the attached coordinate system, a three-degree-of-freedom motion model of the catamaran unmanned surface vessel is constructed. The fuzzy inference method is used to overcome the drawback that the traditional PID control cannot tune the PID parameters online, and the trajectory controller is designed. Meanwhile, 3D LIDAR is used to achieve obstacle detection. The results of the trajectory tracking simulations and experiments verify the accuracy of the model design and the effectiveness of the autonomous control design.

From the perspective of network attackers, finding attack sequences that can make significant damage on network controllability is an important task, which also helps defenders improve the robustness during network constructions. Therefore, developing effective attack strategies is a key aspect of research on network controllability and its robustness. In this paper, we propose a Leaf Node Neighbor-based Attack (LNNA) strategy that can effectively disrupt the controllability of undirected networks. The LNNA strategy targets the neighbors of leaf nodes, and when there are no leaf nodes in the network, the strategy attacks the neighbors of nodes with a higher degree to produce the leaf nodes. Results from simulations on synthetic and real-world networks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. In particular, our findings suggest that removing neighbors of low-degree nodes (i.e., nodes with degree 1 or 2) can significantly reduce the controllability robustness of networks. Thus, protecting such low-degree nodes and their neighbors during network construction can lead to networks with improved controllability robustness.

Recently, various research has been developed addressing communication sensors for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs); especially when pondering control difficulties, communication is a crucial component. To this end, strengthening a control algorithm with redundant linking sensors ensures the overall system works accurately even if some components fail. This paper proposes a novel approach to integrate several sensors and actuators for a heavy Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Additionally, a cutting-edge Robust Thrust Vectoring Control (RTVC) technique is designed to control various communicative modules during a flying mission and converge the attitude system to stability. The results of the study demonstrate that even though RTVC is not frequently utilized, it works as well as cascade PID controllers, particularly for multi-rotors with mounted flaps, and could be perfectly functional in UAVs powered by thermal engines to increase the autonomy since the propellers cannot be used as controller surfaces.

The agricultural sector is undergoing a revolution that requires sustainable solutions to the challenges that arise from traditional farming methods. To address these challenges, technical and sustainable support is needed to develop projects that improve crop performance. This study focuses on the onion crop and the challenges presented throughout its phenological cycle. Aerial monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and digital image processing were used to identify patterns in the onion crop, including humid areas, weed growth, vegetation deficits, and decreased harvest performance. An algorithm was developed to identify the patterns that most affected crop growth, as the average local production reported was 40.166 ton/ha, but only 25.00 ton/ha was reached due to blight caused by constant humidity and limited sunlight. This resulted in the death of leaves and poor development of bulbs, with 50% of the production being of medium size. It is estimated that approximately 20% of the production was lost due to blight and unfavorable weather conditions.

This paper discusses a passive control issue for Nonlinear Time-Varying (NTV) systems subject to stability and attenuation performance. Based on the modeling approaches of Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model and the Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) model, a Parameter-Dependent Polynomial Fuzzy (PDPF) model is constructed to represent the NTV systems. According to Parallel Distributed Compensation (PDC) concept, a parameter-dependent polynomial fuzzy controller is built to achieve robust stability and passivity of PDPF model. Furthermore, the passive theory is applied to achieve the performance constraining the disturbance effect on the PDPF systems. To develop the stability criteria, by introducing a parameter-dependent polynomial Lyapunov function, one can derive some stability conditions which belong to the term of Sum-Of-Squares (SOS) form. Based on the Lyapunov function, two stability criteria are proposed to design the corresponding PDPF controller such that the NTV system is robustly stable and passive. Finally, a numerical example is applied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed stability criterion.

The safe and reliable operation of autonomous vehicles in complex and dynamic environments is heavily dependent upon exteroceptive and proprioceptive sensors. A LiDAR system generates accurate 3D point clouds, which are crucial for the detection, classification, and tracking of multiple targets. LiDAR data, however, presents significant challenges due to its density, noise, and varying sampling rates. In this study, various clustering and MTT techniques for LiDAR point clouds will be identified and classified within the context of autonomous driving to assess the state-of-the-art methods’ key challenges and their performances. We have categorized clustering and MTT methods used in AV applications, identified research gaps and challenges and analyzed existing algorithms and their challenges in detail. Researchers and practitioners in the field of autonomous driving will find this review to be a valuable resource.

The use of acoustic and magnetic methods of non-destructive testing to detect zones of stable localization of deformation in order to assess and predict the performance of long-term equipment is of scientific and practical interest at present. A structural-mechanical criterion has been developed, that reflects the revealed relationships between the structural and substructural states, internal stress fields and stable localization of deformations with the characteristics of non-destructive tests in the metal of long-term equipment made of structural 0.2 С steel and heat-resistant 0,12C-1Cr-1Mo-1V steel. The values of the structural-mechanical criteria Ks.-m for structural 0.2 С steel and for heat-resistant 0,12C-1Cr-1Mo-1V steel, corresponding to the moment of stable localization of deformation, are established. At the same time, it is recommended to replace the checked equipment nodes due to the exhaustion of the resource. The proposed and justified approach to assessing and predicting the performance and residual life of long-term power equipment, based on the identified relationships between the structural and substructural states, internal stress fields and stable localization of deformations with the characteristics of non-destructive tests and the calculation of the structural-mechanical criterion, was applied at a number of power plants in the Kemerovo region – Kuzbass. A methodology has been developed for evaluating the residual life, based on the identification and use of relationships between structural and substructural states, internal stress fields and stable localization of deformations with the characteristics of non-destructive tests and the calculation of a structural-mechanical criterion.

According to the World Meteorological Organization, since 2000, there has been an increase in global flood-related disasters by 134 percent as compared to the two previous decades. Efficient flood risk management strategies necessitate a holistic approach to evaluating flood vulnerabilities and risks. Catastrophic losses can occur when the peak flow values in the rivers in a basin coincide. Therefore, estimating the joint flood risks in a region is vital, especially when frequent occurrences of extreme events are experienced. This study focuses on estimating the joint flood risks due to river flow extremes in the Grand River watershed in Canada. Determining the interdependence of floods at multiple locations using state-of-the-art tools, the associated damage probabilities, and their costs will be beneficial to various stakeholders, such as the insurance industry, the disaster management sector, and most importantly, the public.

In the era of electrification and artificial intelligence, direct current motors are widely utilized with numerous innovative adaptive and learning methods. Traditional methods utilize model-based algebraic techniques with system identification, such as recursive least squares, extended least squares, and autoregressive moving averages. The new method known as deterministic artificial intelligence asserts physical-based process dynamics to achieve target trajectory tracking. There are two common autonomous trajectory generation algorithms: sinusoidal function and Pontryagin's based generation algorithm. This thesis aims to simulate model-following and deterministic artificial intelligence methods using sinusoidal and Pontryagin's methods and compare their performance difference when following challenging step function slew maneuver.

Hydro generator sets serve as the peak and frequency regulation of the power system,and play a very important role in maintaining system stability and improving power quality.Based on the internal characteristics model of a specific type of hydro generator,this paper constructs a hydroelectric coupling model for hydropower units,studies the influence of the regulation system of hydropower units on low-frequency oscillations under different load conditions,and adopts variable speed reaching law and fuzzy sliding mode control strategy to improve the regulation quality of the system and ensure the stable operation of the units.Results of simulation and water turbine set under different load conditions show that varible speed reaching law can effectively improve the power-angle oscillation behavior of the hydropower set and suppress the occurrence of low-frequency oscillations of the system when the system is subject to power disturbance,which provide a new theoretical basis and solution for the vibration analysis and control optimization of hydraulic turbine units.

Although the similarity laws were widely used in impact fields, the scaling relations of anisotropic elastic structures often were broken when the geometric distortion (not equal scaling in different spatial directions) and the material distortion (different materials used for scaled model and full-size prototype) were considered. To overcome the difficulty of geometric and material distortion, a directional framework of similarity laws, termed as oriented-density-length-velocity (ODLV) system, is proposed for the anisotropic elastic structure under impact loads. Different from previous similarity law systems using scalar dimensional analysis, the directional similarity law framework mainly considers spatial anisotropy for structural geometry and material parameters. Based on the oriented dimensional analysis and the orthotropic Hooke's law, directional dimensionless numbers and directional scaling relations with geometric power properties for the elastic modulus and the Poisson's ratio are presented systematically. By selecting the dominant material parameters controlling similarity, three important scaling techniques with correction of geometric width and thickness are proposed to compensate for the difficulty of distortion. A clamped square plate with different anisotropic and isotropic elastic materials subjected to dynamic pressure pulse is verified numerically and discussed in detail. The results show that the thin square plate prototype must be scaled to be the thinner/thicker rectangular plate, and the components of displacement, stress and strain between scaled model and full-scale prototype behave good consistency in both spatial and temporal fields.

This research work presents the nonlinear control framework to estimate and reject the mismatched lumped disturbances acting on the nonlinear uncertain system. It is an unfortunate fact that the conventional Extended State Observer (ESO) is not capable to estimate the mismatched lumped disturbance and its derivative simultaneously for the systems. Also, the basic ESO is only suitable for systems with Integral Chain Form (ICF) structure. Similarly, the conventional Feedback Linearizing Control (FLC) approach is not robust for stabilizing the systems in the presence of disturbances and uncertainties. Hence, the nonlinear control framework is proposed to overcome the above issues which are composed of, (a) Dual Extended State Observer (DESO), and (b) DESO based FLC. The DESO provides information on the unmeasured state, mismatched disturbance, and its derivative. While the DESO-FLC utilizes the information from DESO to counter the effect of such disturbances and to stabilize the nonlinear systems around the reference point. The detailed closed-loop analysis is presented for the proposed control framework in the presence of lumped disturbances. The performance robustness of the presented design has been validated for the third order, nonlinear, unstable, and disturbed Magnetic Levitation System (MLS). The results of the DESO-FLC approach are compared with the most popular Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and nonlinear FLC approaches based on the integral error criterion and the average electrical energy consumption.

The lab-on-a-chip concept, enabled by microfluidic technology, promises the integration of multi-ple discrete laboratory techniques into a miniaturised system. Research into microfluidics has generally focused on the development of individual elements of the total system (often with rela-tively limited functionality), without full consideration for integration into a complete fully opti-mised and miniaturised system. Typically, the operation of many of the reported lab-on-a-chip devices is dependent on the support of a laboratory framework. In this paper, a demonstrator platform for routine laboratory analysis is designed and built, which fully integrates a number of technologies into a single device with multiple domains such as fluidics, electronics, pneumatics, hydraulics, and photonics. This facilitates the delivery of breakthroughs in research, by incorpo-rating all physical requirements into a single device. To highlight this proposed approach, this demonstrator microsystem acts as a fully integrated biochemical assay reaction system. The re-sulting design determines enzyme kinetics in an automated process and combines reservoirs, three-dimensional fluidic channels, optical sensing, and electronics in a low-cost, low-power and portable package.

A detailed literature review is performed in this study to address solutions for the full-body design and control of an aerial manipulator. Deep Reinforcement Learning methods are growing to be utilized recently to cope with various uncertainties. The pros and cons of these theories will be explained as well as introducing the advantages of Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning methods. State-of-the-Art, possible challenges, potential approaches, and a summary of desired precision devices are discussed in this study.

This manuscript explores unmanned aerial vehicle DC motor control performance efficacy of deterministic artificial intelligence in comparison to model-following adaptation, particularly a direct self-tuner with filtering. The deterministic artificial intelligence model made use of self-awareness statements to overcome error in response to permutations of the multi-duty cycle square wave that served as the system input. It can be seen that (despite equivalently powerful estimation techniques) deterministic artificial intelligence provided far superior results: a reduction in peak initial transient error of 55%, and a mean error reduction over 81% with over 65% reduction in error standard deviation compared to a state-of-the-art nonlinear adaptive control method. Deterministic artificial intelligence also was able to very closely track at the switching of the input control, while the benchmark nonlinear adaptive control failed to respond as quickly at these points.

Is it possible to develop a meaningful measure for the complexity of a simulation model? Algorithmic information theory provides concepts that have been applied in other areas of research for the practical measurement of object complexity. This article offers an overview of complexity from a variety of perspectives and provides a body of knowledge with respect to the complexity of simulation models. Key terms of model detail, resolution, and scope are defined. An important concept from algorithmic information theory, Kolmogorov complexity, and an application of this concept, normalized compression distance, are used to indicate the possibility of measuring changes in model detail. Additional research in this area can advance the modeling and simulation body of knowledge toward the practical application of measuring simulation model complexity. Examples show that KC and NCD measurements of simulation models can detect changes in scope and detail.

This paper aims at computing feasible control strategies and the corresponding feasible state trajectories to drive an autonomous rear-axle bicycle robot from a given initial state to a final state such that the total running cost is minimized. Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle is applied and derives the optimality conditions from which the feasible control functions, expressed as functions of state and costate variables, are substituted into the combined state-costate system to obtain a new free-control state-costate nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations. A computer program was written in Scilab to solve the combined state-costate system and obtain the feasible state functions, the feasible costate functions and the feasible control functions. Associated Computational Simulations were provided to show the effectiveness and the reliability of the approach.

Chaotic systems are systems whose results are sensitive to the initial conditions. Chaotic systems generally have nonlinearities that can be difficult to model. One example of a chaotic system with nonlinearities is the Lorenz system. The Lorenz system can be used to model weather, wind disturbances, and electronic circuit design, among other applications. In this manuscript, the Lorenz system is modeled and various control methods are applied in an effort to dictate the system’s state and rate trajectories. The combination of the linear feedback and nonlinear feedforward controllers can show over an 80% improvement in state trajectory errors when compared to the baseline run. However, the improved state trajectory performance comes at a cost of as much as 1800% error in the rate trajectories.

Microgrids offer flexibility in power generation in a way of using multiple renewable energy sources. In the past few years, microgrids become a very active research area in terms of design and control strategies. Most of the microgrids use DC/DC converters to connect renewable energy sources to the load. In this paper, the simulation model of a DC microgrid with three different energy sources (Lithium-ion battery (LIB), photovoltaic (PV) array, and fuel cell) and external variant power load is built with MATLAB/Simulink and the simulative results show that the stability of DC microgrid can be guaranteed by the proposed maximum power point controller MPPT. The three energy sources are connected to the load through DC/DC converters, one for each. This type of topology ensures protection for each energy source as well as optimum stability at the load.

this article presents the results of implementing existing software tools in the accounting field. The teaching processes regarding the use of Learning and Knowledge Technologies (TAC) in the university environment, and very specifically, in what has to do with the pedagogical integration of the same in the curriculum is deficient and disjointed with the current technological development. Thus, in the different curricula of professional programs of Public Accounting and related, the courses related to computer automation processes are oriented only towards the management of computer science and accounting software and the great diversity of existing applications that would undoubtedly directly benefit the student to know the potential of these in their future accounting practice is not taken into account. Strengthen the various skills of a Public Accountant in training through Learning and Knowledge Technologies (TAC), under the hypothesis of developing skills in the accounting field through TACs. The research was developed using a quantitative approach, an empirical-analytical method, with a type of descriptive research under an experimental design based on G1 x O1 and G2–O2, three phases were defined. In the first phase, the characterization of the existing software tools in the accounting field was carried out. In the second phase, their relevance was determined. In the third phase, performance was evaluated and then classified in a repository. The data obtained were analyzed with parametric analysis techniques through which it was found that the difference in quantitative results in the academic process between the experimental and control groups was statistically significant, which concluded the success of the experimental treatment. The use of CT scans in the classroom by the experimental group resulted in an improvement in their academic performance compared to the control group, strengthening their self-learning processes and facilitating the development of cognitive functions and skills necessary in the exercise of their accounting profession. This research supports and strengthens the work skills developed in the classroom for public accounting students. The tools TAC is developed from the request made by the radiometry laboratory as a first phase and a second phase is necessary for validation with experts.

In this study, a multiobjective, multiperiod, global optimization for design, sizing and dispatch of an islanded, hybrid microgrid was performed using a model built in MATLAB. The system was simulated over one year for sizing and over one day for dispatch, both using hourly time steps. The model minimized lifecycle levelized costs, emissions, lost load and dumped power while maximizing penetration of clean, renewable sources in the microgrid. This found optimal capacities of the renewable, energy storage and backup generation components which provide the best combination of affordability, sustainability, reliability and efficiency. After experimenting with several global solvers, it was determined that particle swarm optimization is most well-suited to solving the sizing optimization problem. The PV-wind microgrid using Li-ion batteries along with diesel engines was found to perform best among all the combinations considered. It was found that in spite of including additional objectives, monetary costs are the primary driver while allocating generation capacity between different renewable sources like wind versus solar PV. Furthermore, the sizing of PV, wind and battery storage depends strongly on the rating of the standby distributed generator, mainly due to reliability consideration. Generating Pareto-optimal sets revealed interesting relationships between different input variables (i.e. PV, wind and battery capacities) as well as trade-offs that arise while pursuing different objectives. Pursuing cost-minimization alone may lead to sub-optimal outcomes in terms of environmental impact, reliability and excess energy production. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to understand the effects of various parameters like fuel price and energy storage costs on the optimal system's design and operation. Such accurate sizing programs help reduce the extent of oversizing of sub-systems during the design and planning stage, which is usually needed to achieve high reliability with distributed and decentralized energy systems like off-grid microgrids. This reduces the upfront capital investment needed to build the system, making clean electricity access affordable in the short term. The economic-environmental dispatch produced day-ahead scheduling strategies to meet the above mentioned objectives. The system was found to be relatively robust to short-term uncertainties and disturbances in renewable generation and load, although this does cause sub-optimal performance due to increased reliance on fossil fuels. It was found that dispatching of the batteries and backup generators is most critical in minimizing impacts of such events. However, the response to longer-term disturbances still remains to be assessed. The study also includes a comprehensive literature review of tools available for microgrid design as well as different optimization algorithms that have been used to solve microgrid sizing, dispatch and scheduling problems. Additionally, an overview is provided of various control strategies that can be used to improve robustness and resiliency of microgrids.

The paper aims to study the workflow of the detection center of stealthy attacks on industrial installations that generate increase in energy consumption while avoiding triggering fault detection and damaging the installation. Such long-lasting attacks on industrial facilities make production more expensive and less competitive. We present the concept of the remote detection system of cyberattacks directed at maliciously changing the controlled variable in an industrial process air conditioning system. The monitored signals are gathered at the PLC-controlled installation and sent to the remote detection system, where the discrepancies of signals are analyzed based on the Control Performance Assessment indices. The results of performed tests prove the legitimacy of the adopted approach.

For a mobile robot, navigation in a densely crowded space can be a challenging and sometimes impossible task, especially with traditional techniques. In this paper, we present a framework to train neural controllers for differential drive mobile robots which must safely navigate a crowded environment while trying to reach a target location. To learn the robot’s policy, we train a convolutional neural network using two reinforcement learning algorithms, Deep Q-Networks (DQN) and Asynchronous Advantage Actor Critic (A3C), and develop a training pipeline that allows to scale the process to several compute nodes. We show that the asynchronous training procedure in A3C can be leveraged to quickly train neural controllers and test them on a real robot in a crowded environment.

The main objective of this work is the design and implementation of self-adaptive capabilities in wireless sensors by applying control engineering and model-based design methodologies. It has been addressed the problem related to the changes in the flow of data packets through the network connection and the excess energy consumption that this causes in these devices. To design the solution, a systemic characterization of the scheduling and execution process of embedded tasks on the device has been carried out. This means defining cause-effect relationships in the system and its modelling theoretically and/or experimentally. In turn, these models facilitate the design of control strategies to improve the dynamic behavior of the system. As a solution, a self-adaptation strategy based on feedforward control algorithm has been designed and developed, which has been applied to improve the dynamic behavior and resource consumption. The developed solution has been satisfactorily evaluated experimentally.

In this paper we present AWEbox, a Python toolbox for modeling and optimal control of multi-aircraft systems for airborne wind energy (AWE). AWEbox provides an implementation of optimization-friendly multi-aircraft AWE dynamics for a wide range of system architectures and modeling options. It automatically formulates typical AWE optimal control problems based on these models, and finds a numerical solution in a reliable and efficient fashion. To obtain a high level of reliability and efficiency, the toolbox implements different homotopy methods for initial guess refinement. The first type of methods produces a feasible initial guess from an analytic initial guess based on user-provided parameters. The second type implements a warmstart procedure for parametric sweeps. We investigate the software performance in two different case studies. In the first case study we solve a single-aircraft reference problem for a large number of different initial guesses. The homotopy methods reduce the expected computation time by a factor of 1.7 and and the peak computation time by a factor of 8, compared to when no homotopy is applied. Overall, the CPU timings are competitive to timings reported in the literature. When the user initialization draws on expert a priori knowledge, homotopies do not increase expected performance, but the peak CPU time is still reduced by a factor of 5.5. In the second case study, a power curve for a dual-aircraft lift-mode AWE system is computed using the two different homotopy types for initial guess refinement. On average, the second homotopy type, which is tailored for parametric sweeps, outperforms the first type in terms of CPU time by a factor of 3. In conclusion, AWEbox provides an open-source implementation of efficient and reliable optimal control methods that both control experts and non-expert AWE developers can benefit from.

Mini-drones can be used for a variety of tasks, such as weather monitoring, package delivery, search and rescue, and recreation. Their uses are mostly restricted to outside locations with access to the Global Positioning System (GPS) and/or similar systems since their usefulness, safety, and performance substantially rely on ubiquitously accurate positioning and navigation. Indoor localization is getting better, thanks to technologies like Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (V-SLAM). However, more advancements are still required for mini-drone navigation applications with greater safety standards. In this research, a novel method for enhancing indoor mini-drone localization performance is proposed. By merging Oriented Rotated Brief SLAM (ORB-SLAM2), Semi-Direct Monocular Visual Odometry (SVO), and an Adaptive Complementary Filter, the suggested strategy improves V-SLAM approaches (ACF). The findings demonstrate that, when compared to other widely-used indoor localization algorithms, the suggested methodology performs better at estimating location under various situations (low light, low texture, and dynamic environments).

By constructing a static map, the library robot can navigate and access documents autonomously, which greatly improves efficiency; however, for libraries where shelves can be moved, map changes do not allow for direct navigation, and also sensors such as radar and camera are relatively expensive, so we propose a low-cost navigation algorithm based on real-time ranging data and map matrices, and designed a mobile archive access robot. In order to obtain real-time distance data, nine near/long range sensors were mounted on the chassis and a composite digital filtering algorithm was designed based on different moving area characteristics; then the access task matrix and map matrix were designed based on the archive access task and the location characteristics of the archive shelf placement, the robot can rely on the range data to update the map matrix during the moving process, complete its own positioning, and use the task matrix The robot can use the task matrix to complete autonomous navigation and access to multiple files. Experiments show that the filtered positioning accuracy can reach 1cm, while the robot can move to the target shelf autonomously, which is more practical and less costly.

Human motion analysis using inertial measurement units (IMUs) has recently been shown to provide accuracy similar to the gold standard, marker-based optical motion capture, but at much lower costs and while being less restrictive and time-consuming. However, IMU-based motion analysis requires precise knowledge of the orientation in which the sensor is attached to the body segments. This knowledge is commonly obtained via an anatomical calibration procedure based on precisely defined poses or motions, which is time-consuming and error-prone. In the present work, we propose a self-calibrating approach for magnetometer-free joint angle tracking that is suitable for joints with two degrees of freedom (DoF), such as the elbow, ankle, and metacarpophalangeal finger joints. The proposed methods exploit kinematic constraints to simultaneously identify the joint axes and the heading offset. The experimental evaluation shows that the proposed methods are able to estimate plausible and consistent joint axes from just ten seconds of arbitrary elbow joint motion. Comparison with optical motion capture shows that the proposed methods yield joint angles with similar accuracy as a conventional IMU-based method while being much less restrictive. Therefore, the proposed methods improve the practical usability of IMU-based motion tracking in many clinical and biomedical applications.

Drones, as mobile media of the present day, increase the operational and narrative capabilities of television and accelerate the logistics of shooting. Unmanned aerial vehicles with a camera properly steered by a pilot are able, to some extent, to replace a jimmy jib/crane and a dolly; basic technical devices, used in the studios, enabling the creation of narrative systems of pictures in film and television. Television is more and more often using drone footage to report events, broadcast live, as well as create coverage and television documentaries. In many productions the pilot of the drone simultaneously acts as the drone camera operator, which can improve the effectiveness of shooting, but also carries some risk related to flight safety. The article describes and presents in the form of processed footage the real conditional ties of a Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) flight faced by pilots filming with a drone. VLOS is a type of air operation, which requires maintaining eye contact with the drone. In many countries a drone visibility flight is legally sanctioned as VLOS Operation. An experiment was conducted to investigate the interactions between a human and a machine in airspace steered using a controller with a touchscreen. The drone pilot was considered an integral part of the drone’s flight system control Experimental data was collected with the use of a mobile eye-tracker, video cameras, surveys and pilot declarations. During the experiment, eight television drone pilot operators recaptured a model shot under the regime of VLOS flight at low altitude. They all show that both advanced and beginner pilots did not look at the UAV for over half the time of shot execution. The experiment allowed establishing two coefficients related to the effectiveness of a VLOS flight aiming at filming from the drone. The results point to clear differences in screen perception styles used by drone television pilots.. The coefficients were described in the form of mathematical formulas and their limit values were determined. The research also determines the limits of pilots’ perception, within which they are able to film with a drone. The outcomes may help to optimize the process of aerial filming with the use of a drone, carried out for television, film and other media, as well as in a simulation of such a flight for research and training. From the perspective of media science and social communication, the presented study included a technological component that can be accessed through information science, using statistical models and variable distributions. Media scholars can study the impact of the media without having to look into the metaphorical black box. Computer science opens up this possibility.

Attitude control of a novel regional truss-braced wing aircraft with low stability characteristics is addressed in this paper using Reinforcement Learning (RL). In recent years, RL has been increasingly employed in challenging applications, particularly, autonomous flight control. However, a significant predicament confronting discrete RL algorithms is the dimension limitation of the state-action table and difficulties in defining the elements of the RL environment. To address these issues, in this paper, a detailed mathematical model of the mentioned aircraft is first developed to shape an RL environment. Subsequently, Q-learning, the most prevalent discrete RL algorithm will be implemented in both the Markov Decision Process (MDP), and Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) frameworks to control the longitudinal mode of the air vehicle. In order to eliminate residual fluctuations that are a consequence of discrete action selection, and simultaneously track variable pitch angles, a Fuzzy Action Assignment (FAA) method is proposed to generate continuous control commands using the trained Q-table. Accordingly, it will be proved that by defining an accurate reward function, along with observing all crucial states (which is equivalent to satisfying the Markov Property), the performance of the introduced control system surpasses a well-tuned Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller.

This study looks at the application of delayed action Passive InfraRed (PIR) sensors in the control of water use for urinal flushing. In this we briefly review the literature on urinal controls before reviewing four different approaches to PIR urinal controls. Existing literature discusses some of the pros and cons of different types of urinal control. However, the literature doesn’t consider the marked differences that can occur within individual approaches, based on the way controls operate. This study was initiated at the University of Surrey during 2019 following a water saving audit, in an attempt to bring down what had been identified as one of the largest users of water. This paper therefore aims to identify the most effective way to reduce water consumption of urinal systems, through retro-fitting PIR control systems within the variety of settings found across university campuses. This paper also reviews the different reductions achieved over periods of different levels of use, linked to term time, holidays, Covid-19 related lockdowns, and the ‘new normal’. It found that grouped delayed action flushing was the most effective form of urinal control for reducing water use. The delayed action, grouped PIR sensors, achieved between, a 59-64% adjusted reduction against the control group during non-Covid19 periods, and a 35% reduction against the control group during lockdowns.

The collector and brushless electronic commutation machines based on the working principle of the direct current machines have been widely used in industrial applications through the help of the developments in power electronics, microelectronics, permanent magnets, microprocessors&control, digital signal processing technologies, etc. Internal permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) are used in increasing numbers due to their advantages such as high torque/current and torque/inertia, robust construction, high efficiency, reliability, etc. The problems brought by position sensors, especially in terms of application, performance, mass production, and cost, have made sensorless control a necessity in drive systems and applications.This paper presents a backstepping control method for speed sensorless IPMSM based on an extended Kalman filter (EKF). First, a comprehensive nonlinear dynamical model of the IPMSM in the direct and quadrature ( ) rotor frame is derived and its state-space representation is obtained. Then, the rotor speed and current tracking backstepping controllers are designed to achieve precise tracking and anti-disturbance performance. The designed controllers are embedded into the field-oriented control (FOC) scheme. The asymptotic stability condition for the backstepping controller is guaranteed through the Lyapunov stability theorem. Finally, An EKF is designed for estimating the immeasurable mechanical parameters of IPMSM and tracking the system states in a finite time with high steady-state precision. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is proved by conducting simulations having various dynamic operating conditions such as sudden torque load change, command speed change, and parameter variation.

Nowadays brushless DC motors (BLDCMs) are becoming indispensable components as the electrification revolution in the mobility industry is happening. Electric kick scooters, so-called e-scooters, are among these micro-mobility vehicles which are powered by these motors. Due to the uncertain and nonlinear features, the controller performance developed for these motors degrades. For these reasons, a chattering-reduced cascaded Sliding Mode Control (SMC) scheme to effectively track reference motor speed in the outer loop by eliminating torque ripples in the inner loop current control was designed. Field-oriented Control (FOC) methodology was used to implement the SMC in the BLDCM. An exponential reaching law algorithm was proposed for sliding surfaces of the inner and outer loop controllers. The suitability and performance of electric scooter-hub motors were analyzed in terms of traction control. A cascaded speed and torque controller produced significantly favorable results representing minimized torque and current ripples, and operation over a wide speed range.

Fuel consumption, subsequent emissions and safe operation of class 8 vehicles are of prime importance in recent days. It is imperative that the vehicle operates in its true optimal operating region given a variety of constraints such as road grade, load, gear shifts, Battery State of charge (for hybrid vehicles), etc. In this paper a research study is conducted to evaluate the fuel economy and subsequent emission benefits when applying predictive control to a mild hybrid line haul truck. The problem is solved using a combination of dynamic programming with back tracking and model predictive control. The specific fuel saving features that are studied in this work are dynamic cruise control, gear shifts, vehicle coasting and torque management. These features are evaluated predictively as compared to a reactive behavior. The predictive behavior of these features are a function of road grade. The result and analysis shows significant improvement in fuel savings along with NOx benefits. Out of the control features dynamic cruise (predictive) control and dynamic coasting showed the most benefits while predictive gear shifts and torque management (by power splitting between battery and engine) for this architecture did not show fuel benefits but provided other benefits in terms of powertrain efficiency.

Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) are the integral part of Electrical Vehicles (EV) to enhance the reliability of supply power to critical loads in vehicle to load (V2L) applications. Inherent properties of sliding mode control (SMC) makes it one of the best vailable options to achieve desired voltage quality under variable load conditions. Intrinsic characteristic of robustness associated with SMC is achieved generally at the cost of unwanted chattering along the sliding surface. To manage this compromise better, optimal selection of sliding surface coefficient is applied with proposed composite exponential reaching law (C-ERL). The novelty of proposed C-ERL is associated with the intelligent mix of exponential, power and difference functions blended with rotating sliding surface selection (RSS) technique for three phase two level VSI. Moreover, proposed reaching law along with power rate exponential reaching law(PRERL), enhanced exponential reaching law(EERL) and repeatitive reaching law(RRL) are implemented on two level three phase VSI under variable load condtions. Comparative analysis of which strongly advocates the authenticity and effectiveness of proposed reaching law in achieving well regulated output voltage, with high level of robustness, reduced chattering and low %THD.

The keyless systems have replaced the old fashion methods of inserting physical keys in the keyhole to, i.e., unlock the door, because they are inconvenient and easy to be exploited by the threat actors. Keyless systems use the technology of radio frequency (RF) as an interface to transmit signals from the key fob to the vehicle. However, Keyless systems are susceptible to being compromised by a thread actor who intercepts the transmitted signal and performs a reply attack. In this paper, we propose a transfer learning-based model to identify the replay attacks launched against remote keyless controlled vehicles. Specifically, the system makes use of a pre-trained ResNet50 deep neural network to predict the wireless remote signals used to lock or unlock doors of a remote-controlled vehicle system remotely. The signals are finally classified into three classes: real signal, fake signal high gain, and fake signal low gain. We have trained our model with 100 epochs (3800 iterations) on a KeFRA 2022 dataset, a modern dataset. The model has recorded a final validation accuracy of 99.71% and a final validation loss of 0.29% at a low inferencing time of 50 ms for the model-based SGD solver. The experimental evaluation revealed the supremacy of the proposed model.

Sparse reward long horizon task is a major challenge for deep reinforcement learning algorithm. One of the key barriers is data-inefficiency. Even in the simulation environment, it usually takes weeks to training the agent. In this study, a data-efficiency training framework is proposed, where a curriculum learning is design for the agent in the simulation scenario. Different distributions of the initial state are set for the agent to get more informative reward during the whole training process. A fine-tuning of the parameters in the output layer of the neural network for value function is conduct to bridge the gap between sim-to-real. An experiment of UAV maneuver control is conducted in the proposed training framework to verify the method more efficient. We demonstrate that data-efficiency is different for the same data in different training stages.

In the speed control system of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) without a speed sensor, the speed under the traditional PI control suffers from poor tracking performance and step response overshoot. This paper proposes a Compound Variable Structure PI (CVSPI) controller to improve the system control performance. It can choose whether to include an integral term according to the size of the system deviation to speed up the response. It also introduces a Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) speed observer in the controller to estimate the speed and adaptively adjust the size of the anti-integration saturation gain to improve the dynamic response following performance and immunity of the system. A feed-forward link is added for a given input differential to achieve an accurate answer to time-varying inputs. As the linear compensation matrix of the conventional MRAS is a unit matrix, the speed can only be accurately observed in a specific speed range. In this paper, a new linear compensation matrix is designed, and a new speed adaptive law is derived, allowing the improved MRAS to measure speed over a wide range accurately. Simulation results validate the excellent control performance of the CVSPI and the accuracy of the enhanced MRAS over a wide speed range.

This paper aims at computing feasible control strategies and the corresponding feasible state trajectories to drive an autonomous rear-axle bicycle robot from a given initial state to a final state such that the total running cost is minimized. Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle is applied and derives the optimality conditions from which the feasible control functions, expressed as functions of state and costate variables, are substituted into the combined state-costate system to obtain a new free-control state-costate nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations. A computer program was written in Scilab to solve the combined state-costate system and obtain the feasible state functions, the feasible costate functions and the feasible control functions. Associated Computational Simulations were provided to show the effectiveness and the reliability of the approach.

A therapy’s outcome is determined by a tumor’s response to treatment which, in turn, depends on multiple factors such as the severity of the disease and the strength of patient’s immune response. Gold standard cancer therapies are in most cases fragile when sought to break the ties to either tumor kill ratio or patient toxicity. Lately, research has shown that cancer therapy can be at most robust when handling adaptive drug resistance and immune escape patterns developed by evolving tumors. This is due to the stochastic and volatile nature of the interactions, at the tumor environment level, tissue vasculature, and immune landscape, induced by drugs. Herein, we explore the path towards antifragile therapy control, that generates treatment schemes that are not fragile but go beyond robustness. More precisely, we describe a first instantiation of a control-theoretic method to make therapy schemes cope with the systemic variability in the tumor–immune–drug interactions and gain more tumor kill with less patient toxicity. Considering the anti-symmetric interactions within a model of the tumor–immune–drug network, we introduce the antifragile control framework that demonstrates promising results in simulation. We evaluate our control strategy against state-of-the-art therapy schemes on various experiments and discuss the insights we gained on the potential that antifragile control could have in treatment design in clinical settings.

This paper develops a methodology to control the navigation of an autonomous ship robot from an initial state to a final. To solve the problem the following approach is used: The ship robot system is modelled as a control system of six ordinary differential equations involving six state variables and three control variables. After having computed the system Hamiltonian, the feasible controls for optimality are derived from the normal equations of optimality as functions of the state and costate variables. Such controls are substituted into the state and the costate equations and give a combined control-free state-costate system of ordinary differential equations which is solved numerically by using a developed Matlab computer program. Associated computational simulations are designed and provided to show the reliability of the approach.

This paper develops feasible control strategies and associated system responses to bring an autonomous front-axle bicycle robot from specified initial conditions to final conditions such that a specific performance index is minimized. To solve the problem, the following approach is used: The feasible controls derived from the normal equations of optimality are substituted into the state and the costate systems and form a combined control-free state-costate system which is vectorized to enable and ease the application of a numerical method. A computer program written in Matlab computer programming language, codes a fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical method and then solve the combined state-costate system of ordinary differential equations. The obtained results are the feasible bicycle robot trajectory, the feasible state functions, the feasible costate functions and the feasible control functions. Associated Computational Simulations are designed and provided to persuade on the effectiveness and the reliability of the approach.

This work presents a nonlinear model predictive control scheme that challenges overcoming the obstacles holding back over decades to develop affordable autonomous control and monitoring systems applied in the large-scale industry. Among the numerous proposals in the literature, most do not consider the significant fluctuation of kinetic parameters in the reduced mathematical model ADM2, widely used for control and monitoring purposes. The prevalent cause, on a basis, is the lack of information caused by some dynamics and parameters that cannot be measured in real-time by reliable sensors. In addition, to make matters worse, those systems inherently act with nonlinear nature and have a high sensitiveness to uncontrollable inputs and perturbations. Therefore, to prevent these drawbacks, this work proposes a new methodology that reconstructs the lack of information from the non-measurable dynamics, concentration of bacterias, and the kinetic parameters related to reaction rates. Simulations results demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology compared with traditional industrial control schemes.

Phase synchronization of weakly coupled limit cycle oscillators are related to the stability of the zero solution of the reduced-order dynamics of phase differences, represented by a systems of differential equations on a hypertorus. Using Rantzer's density function, a dual form of Lyapunov function, we propose a method to certify almost global stability of an equilibrium on a hypertorus. We show that the proposed method can certify robustness of phase synchronization of all-to-all and weakly coupled limit cycle oscillators with respect to disturbances in phases. The method leverages sum of squares polynomial optimization to construct the certification function.

This work presents a methodology that seeks to be a new standard in modeling identification in anaerobic digestion reactors. Because it is not possible to measure all variables with reliable and cost-efficient real-time methods, a specific structure composed of an asymptotic observer for the concentration of state variables; acidogenic and methanogenic bacterias, unlock the use of new types of raw sludges for industrial control and monitoring purposes. New yield parameters were included in the reduced anaerobic digestion model (ADM2) used as the core, precisely two terms in total alkalinity, to bring about the modeling of additional organic materials at inlet containing proteins or amino acids. The fermentation of these substances introduces ammonium, providing variations in the amount of alkalinity available inside the reaction. The new model is used to solve an optimization problem that calculates the parameters that best fit the dynamics of state variables with the same information taken on the experimental data. The adjustment process started with the genetic algorithm; however, to improve the performance, a novel method is proposed called step-ahead. Together, including the design of an asymptotic observer, numerical simulations demonstrate the strengths of the structure, which constitutes a significant step in paving the way further to implement feasible, cost-effective control and monitoring systems in the industry.

Reasonable trajectory planning is the precondition for the parafoil airdrop system to achieve autonomous accurate homing and safe landing. In order to successfully realize the self-homing of the parafoil airdrop system, a new trajectory optimization design scheme is proposed in this paper. The scheme is based on the parafoil's unique flight and control characteristics and adopts a segmented homing design. Compared with the current common trajectory design method, its core feature is to avoid the problem that the straight-line flight distance before landing is limited by the radius of the height-reducing area and ensure landing accuracy and safety. Firstly, the different starting states of the parafoil airdrop system and the landing requirements were comprehensively considered, and the homing trajectory is reasonably segmented. Based on the requirements of energy control, stable flight, and landing accuracy, the optimal objective function of the trajectory was established, and the trajectory parameters, calculation methods, and constraints were given. Secondly, the cuckoo search algorithm was applied to optimize the objective function to obtain the final home trajectory. Finally, the trajectory planning under different airdrop conditions was simulated and verified. The results showed that the planned trajectories could reach the target point accurately and meet the flight direction requirements, proving the proposed scheme's correctness and feasibility.

Various factors, such as uncertainty of component parameters and uncertainty of sensor meas-urement values, contribute to the difficulty of fault detection in the landing gear retrac-tion/extension hydraulic system. In this paper, we introduce linear fractional transformation technology and uncertainty analysis theory for the construction of the diagnostic bond graph of the landing gear retraction/extension hydraulic system. In this way, interval analytical redundancy relations and fault signature matrix can be derived. Using the fault signature matrix, existing faults of the system can be preliminarily detected and isolated. Additionally, interval analytical re-dundancy relations can be used to detect system faults in detail, and cases analysis can be carried out to determine if the actuator is externally or internally leaky, and if the landing gear selector valve is reversing stuck. Compared to the traditional analytical redundancy relations, this method takes into account the negative factors of uncertainty; and compared to the traditional absolute diagnostic threshold, the interval diagnostic threshold is more accurate and sensitive.

Steam Generator Level Control System (SGLCS) is one of the key instrumentations and control subsystems to ensure the safe operation of nuclear power plants. It is highly recommended to perform reliability analysis for SGLCS for making better maintenance strategy. SGLCS is a digital control system with complex redundant configuration and failure\self-diagnosis\repair action, traditional fault tree is not applicable due to its static property, Markov model is not a good choice too because of heavy burden of creating state transition graph for even medium-size system. Boolean Logic Driven Markov Process (BDMP) can describe complex failure-repair state transition via ‘trigger link’ and three kinds of leaf nodes, as well as keep compact and easy-read struct like fault tree. So BDMP is adopted to analysis reliability of SGLCS. Graphical BDMP modeling environment KB3 and Monte Carlo simulator YAMS is used for BDMP modeling and quantitative analysis respectively, and unavailability of SGLCS is obtained. The contribution of three parts of SGLCS to the unavailability of the system is also evaluated, and it is found that the water supply flow control part contributes the most to the failure of SGLCS.

This paper presents an approach to the application of the Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and Model-Based Systems Architecting (MBSA) principles to develop a Model-Based Pattern Language (MBPL). It takes too long for systems engineers and architects to develop a new system from scratch, particularly new space-based systems derived from the existing space systems architectures. A pattern language is a holistic view of reusable logical model artifacts; many are interdisciplinary and introductory, if at all. The results are mostly a combination of the application-specific logical solution, which further results in the best possible overall solution. The main benefit of the pattern language is reducing the time and validation required to generate a new space-based system architecture; this approach will develop top-level requirements in the initial phase of the system development. The rationale of the methodology proposed by the paper is as follows, collect, and decompose published literature and other open-source information available on space system architectures and system models; develop SysML models for systems, subsystems, products, assembly, subassembly level, and mission-specific requirements using CAMEO SysML software. Arrange these patterns to develop a functional ontology and construct a logical architecture pattern library. This approach created, updated, and managed SysML pattern language, which evaluated the expedited new model construction. Again, our objective is to develop a logical pattern language using public domain information and evaluate patterns by constructing a new space mission concept—for example, planetary surface habitat.