Submitted:
25 February 2025
Posted:
27 February 2025
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Abstract
Background: Ankle osteoarthritis (OA) significantly impairs mobility and quality of life, particularly in its end-stage. Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) and ankle arthrodesis (AA) are pivotal interventions once conservative treatments have failed. This study compares the outcomes of TAR and AA in managing end-stage ankle OA using a large dataset to discern the most effective approach for patient-centered care. Methods: Utilizing the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), we conducted a retrospective analysis of 27,595 patients who underwent TAA or AA from 2016 to 2019. Propensity score matching was applied to address potential biases and achieve group equivalence in observational comparisons. Results: Primary OA accounted for 85.9% of TAA and 55.4% of AA procedures. The utilization of TAA increased significantly (p < 0.0001) from 73% in 2016 to 78% in 2019, while AA declined from 27% to 22% during the same period. Among 27,595 patients (20,765 TAA; 6,830 AA), TAA patients were older (65.61 vs. 59.66 years, p < 0.0001) and more frequently insured under Medicare (59.3% vs. 47.8%, p < 0.0001). Racial analysis showed a higher prevalence of Caucasian patients in the TAA group (90.1% vs. 83.5%, p < 0.0001). Patients undergoing AA exhibited a significantly higher burden of comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes (24.9% vs. 13.8%), chronic lung disease (9.5% vs. 4.5%), obesity (33.2% vs. 22.2%), and mental disorders (36.6% vs. 26.4%) (all p < 0.0001). Conclusions: TAR and AA present distinct profiles of outcomes and patient demographics. This study underscores TAR’s increasing preference and its associated lower immediate postoperative risks. However, the choice of procedure should be tailored to individual patient conditions, taking into consideration age, underlying comorbidities, and surgical risks to optimize outcomes. These findings are crucial for guiding future research and enhancing clinical decisions in the management of end-stage ankle OA.
Keywords:
Total ankle arthroplasty
; Ankle arthrodesis
; National inpatient sample
; Big data
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by joint pain and dysfunction resulting from significant joint degeneration affecting more than 10% of individuals over the age of 60.[1] Ankle osteoarthritis, in particular, leads to severe pain, impaired mobility, and significant disability, negatively impacting the quality of life.[1,2] While most cases of ankle osteoarthritis stem from previous trauma, it can also arise from long-standing inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or primary OA.[1,2,3,4] End-stage osteoarthritis is identified by a combination of severe, persistent symptoms that often lead patients to consider surgical intervention.[5] Patient selection for total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) and ankle arthrodesis (AA) remains a critical determinant in achieving optimal outcomes for end-stage ankle osteoarthritis. The ideal candidate for TAA is typically characterized as a middle-aged or elderly individual with end-stage ankle arthritis refractory to conservative management. Conversely, AA is generally indicated for younger patients, those with substantial deformities, compromised bone quality, or ligamentous insufficiency. [6] The decision-making process between TAA and arthrodesis remains complex, with a paucity of definitive guidelines. Consequently, clinicians must conduct a comprehensive evaluation of individual patient factors to determine the most appropriate intervention. Meticulous patient selection is paramount in ensuring favorable long-term outcomes for both procedures in the management of end-stage ankle osteoarthritis.
AA and TAA are considered the standard operative interventions when nonoperative management has proven ineffective, and the likelihood of success with joint-preserving procedures is minimal [7,8]. AA, also known as ankle fusion, has long been regarded as the gold standard. The primary advantage of arthrodesis is the potential restoration of walking ability through pain relief and an enhanced quality of life [9], coupled with a decreased risk of deformity [10], yet both do not restore normal gait pattern. However, the resultant loss of ankle motion imposes increased stress on adjacent joints, potentially leading to degenerative lesions in the midfoot and forefoot and arthritis in adjacent joints [10,11]. Concerning union rate, open AA utilizing internal fixation methods, such as the tripod screw technique, has been documented to range between 80% and 100%. Similarly, intramedullary nail tibio-talo-calcaneal arthrodesis demonstrates comparable fusion rates, with reported ankle fusion rates between 89% and 100%, though slightly lower success rates are observed when concomitant subtalar fusion is performed [12,13].
TAA was developed as an alternative to AA and has been increasingly adopted for the treatment of end-stage ankle arthritis [10,12]. With advancements in surgical techniques and implant design, the clinical outcomes of TAA have shown corresponding improvements. Comparative literature, including a randomized controlled trial, indicates that TAA is associated with a higher incidence of wound-healing complications and nerve injuries, whereas AA carries a greater risk of thromboembolism and nonunion, with a symptomatic nonunion rate of 7% [2]. Additionally, TAA may have a higher revision rate. Both TAA and AA are effective treatments for end-stage ankle arthritis, but the choice of procedure must be tailored to the individual patient’s needs and circumstances [14,15,16].
This study utilizes an extensive dataset of 27,595 patients to provide valuable insights into the impact of TAA and AA on patient care and healthcare resource utilization. Our primary objective is to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the efficacy of these surgical approaches by enhancing the understanding of their practical implications, benefits, and disadvantages. Through this investigation, we aim to offer meaningful insights to guide future research and clinical practice, ultimately optimizing patient-centered care and allocating healthcare resources.
Methods
Data Source and Study Population
This study utilized the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), a comprehensive and publicly available database developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) as part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). The NIS is the largest all-payer inpatient healthcare database in the United States, capturing approximately 20% of all hospital discharges from HCUP-affiliated institutions. This dataset, comprising approximately 7 million unweighted inpatient admissions annually, enables the derivation of national estimates through the application of discharge sample weights provided by the NIS. The study dataset spans January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019, representing the most recent available data at the time of analysis. Each individual dataset entry, hereafter referred to as a “case,” corresponds to a discharge-weighted group of five patients, in accordance with the weighting methodology employed by the NIS. For this study, patients who underwent elective total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) or ankle arthrodesis (AA) during the specified period were identified. The initial cohort included 4,834 cases of TAA, representing a weighted total of 24,170 patients, and 2,465 cases of AA, corresponding to 12,325 patients. To enhance data homogeneity and mitigate potential bias arising from heterogenous etiologies, the analysis was restricted to patients diagnosed with primary osteoarthritis. This refinement resulted in a final analytical cohort comprising 20,765 patients who underwent TAA and 6,830 patients who underwent AA. Admissions classified as non-elective were systematically excluded from the study. Ethical approval was obtained from the relevant institutional review board (IRB), with a waiver of informed consent granted due to the de-identified and anonymized nature of the NIS dataset.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was systematically queried for the years 2016–2019 to identify adult patients (aged >18 years) who underwent elective total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) or ankle arthrodesis (AA) during the study period. Given the discharge-weighted sampling methodology of the NIS, each dataset entry, hereafter referred to as a "case," represents a group of five weighted patients. The initial cohort included 4,834 cases of TAA, corresponding to an estimated 24,170 patients, and 2,465 cases of AA, representing a weighted total of 12,325 patients. To enhance data homogeneity and mitigate potential confounding due to variations in underlying pathology, the study was restricted to patients diagnosed with primary osteoarthritis. This refinement yielded a final analytical cohort of 20,765 patients undergoing TAA and 6,830 patients undergoing AA. Admissions classified as non-elective were systematically excluded to ensure a more controlled study population.
Outcome Measures
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of diabetes on postoperative outcomes and complications following shoulder replacement surgery. The outcome measures of interest included in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), hospitalization costs, and postoperative complications. The complications assessed encompassed venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis [DVT] and pulmonary embolism [PE]), surgical site infection, cardiac complications (myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest), respiratory complications (pneumonia, respiratory failure), and acute renal failure. To facilitate statistical analysis, continuous outcome variables—LOS and hospital charges—were dichotomized, with patients exceeding the 75th percentile classified as having prolonged LOS or high-end hospital charges, respectively. Furthermore, the study compared in-hospital mortality, length of stay, postoperative complications, and hospitalization costs between patients undergoing total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) and ankle arthrodesis (AA). To mitigate potential selection bias and account for baseline differences in comorbidities, a propensity score-matched analysis was employed. This statistical methodology enhances the comparability between cohorts by aligning participants with similar probabilities of treatment allocation, thereby approximating the conditions of a randomized controlled trial. By balancing baseline characteristics and minimizing confounding influences, propensity score matching strengthens the internal validity of the study, allowing for robust comparative analyses in non-randomized observational research.
Statistical Analysis
All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 26 and MATLAB 2024 to compare total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) and ankle arthrodesis (AA), employing cross-tabulations and independent sample t-tests for categorical and continuous variables, respectively, with a two-tailed significance threshold of p < 0.05. To mitigate selection bias and confounding inherent in observational studies, propensity score matching (PSM) was implemented to create statistically comparable cohorts by matching patients undergoing TAA and AA on key demographic, hospital-related, and clinical characteristics, thereby simulating the conditions of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and enhancing the validity of causal inferences. The propensity score was estimated through a logistic regression model incorporating 34 covariates spanning three major domains: hospital characteristics, including hospital size, type (urban vs. rural), teaching status, geographic region, and total annual discharges; demographic and socioeconomic factors, including patient location (urban vs. rural classification), median household income quartile, race, age, and primary payer status (Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, self-pay, or other); and comorbidities and preoperative conditions, accounting for 24 preoperative comorbidities, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic anemia, alcohol abuse, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia), chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, chronic lung disease, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, liver disease, obesity, fibromyalgia, thyroid disorders, history of myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, history of cerebrovascular accident, any neoplasm, and neoplasms of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue.
Following PSM, the refined dataset included 6,830 matched cases per group, ensuring that both cohorts had comparable baseline characteristics, with matching criteria encompassing hospital size, patient location (urban-rural classification), median household income, hospital geographic region, preoperative comorbidities, and total annual hospital discharges recorded in the NIS dataset. This methodological approach enhances internal validity, reduces the influence of confounding variables, and strengthens the robustness of comparative assessments between TAA and AA.
Ethical Considerations
The study received exempt status from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) due to the de-identified nature of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) dataset, ensuring full compliance with ethical standards for human subject research. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools were employed exclusively for enhancing linguistic clarity, grammatical accuracy, and stylistic refinement of the manuscript. These tools were not utilized for data analysis, statistical interpretation, or content generation, thereby preserving the integrity of the research methodology and findings.
Results
Our analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from January 1st, 2016, to December 31st, 2019, investigated TAA relative to AA procedures. As shown in Table 1, Primary osteoarthritis is the leading cause of TAA and AA procedures. It accounted for 85.90% of TAA and 55.40% of AA surgeries. Other etiologies include fractures, complications of internal orthopedic prosthetics, diabetes, post-traumatic arthritis, leg deformity, Charcot joint, osteonecrosis, osteomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and orthopedic aftercare.
From this point, we included only patients with primary osteoarthritis to maintain data homogeneity. This sub-group analysis allowed us to focus on a more comparable patient population and mitigate potential biases arising from different etiologies. Figure 1 present the treatment options of ankle osteoarthritis.
Examining the proportion of TAA procedures among all ankle arthroplasties, we observed a statistically significant increase (p < 0.0001) in the prevalence of TAA over the study period. This trend manifested as a sharp rise in the percentage of TAA procedures from 73% in 2016 to 78% in 2019, while the utilization of AA decreased from 27% in 2016 to 22% in 2019, as shown in Figure 2.
As shown in Table 2, 20,765 patients underwent TAA, whereas 6,830 patients underwent AA. The average age for patients undergoing TAA was significantly higher (65.61 years) than those undergoing AA (59.66 years). When examining payer characteristics, Medicare was the most common payer for both procedures, but significantly more so for TAA (59.3%) compared to AA (47.8%) (P<0.0001). Racial demographics showed that Caucasian patients were more likely to undergo TAA (90.1%) compared to the AA group (83.5%) (P<0.0001).
Table 3 examines the differences in comorbidities between TAA and AA. Patients undergoing AA had higher rates of type 2 diabetes (24.9% vs. 13.8%), chronic lung disease (9.5% vs. 4.5%), obesity (33.2% vs. 22.2%), and mental disorders (36.6% vs. 26.4%) (all P<0.0001). Additionally, renal disease, CHF, and obstructive sleep apnea were more common in the AA group compared to the TAA group.
Using propensity matching score, the analysis offers comprehensive insights into demographics, payer information, and the prevalence of various medical conditions, illustrating parameters such as average age, gender distribution, payer type, and an array of diagnoses within both the TAA and AA groups. The propensity score-matched analysis data, as presented in Table 3, reveals no significant differences across most examined parameters except in payer, underscoring the homogeneity of the two patient cohorts and demonstrating the efficacy and reliability of the applied propensity score-matched analysis.
Table 4.
Demographic and Payer Characteristics for Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Ankle Arthrodesis after Propensity matching score.
Table 4.
Demographic and Payer Characteristics for Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Ankle Arthrodesis after Propensity matching score.
| Parameter | Total ankle arthroplasty (n=6,830) | Ankle Arthrodesis (n=6,830) | Significance |
| Total Surgeries (Count) | 6830 | 6830 | - |
| Average age | 60.07 | 59.66 | P=0.06 |
| Female (%) | 47.2% | 46.0% | P=0.145 |
| Payer - Medicare (%) | 47.0% | 47.8% | P<0.02 |
| Payer - Medicaid (%) | 8.9% | 11.3% | |
| Payer - Private (%) | 39.5% | 33.7% | |
| Payer - Other (including self-pay) (%) | 4.60% | 7.30% | |
| Race -White (%) | 83.2% | 83.5% | P=0.08 |
| Race -Black (%) | 6.5% | 6.2% | |
| Race -Hispanic (%) | 6.3% | 6.3% | |
| Race -Asian or Pacific Islander (%) | 1.0% | 1.2% | |
| Race - Native American (%) | 0.7% | 0.8% | |
| Race -Other (%) | 2.3% | 2.0% | |
| Hypertension Diagnosis (%) | 51.1% | 50.90% | P = 0.13 |
| Dyslipidemia Diagnosis (%) | 36.40% | 37.80% | P = 0.09 |
| Chronic Anemia (%) | 4.2 | 4.5 | P = 0.40 |
| Osteoporosis (%) | 2.5 | 2.3 | P = 0.40 |
| Alcohol Abuse (%) | 2.3 | 2.3 | P = 0.52 |
| Type 2 Diabetes (%) | 25.3 | 24.9 | P = 0.07 |
| Renal Disease (%) | 9.9 | 9.4 | P = 0.31 |
| CHF (%) | 2.4 | 2.1 | P = 0.14 |
| Chronic Lung Disease (%) | 8.6 | 9.5 | P = 0.07 |
| Obesty (%) | 33.5 | 33.2 | P = 0.26 |
| IBD | 0.3 | 0.2 | P = 0.40 |
| Coagulation defects | 1.2 | 1.3 | P = 0.18 |
| Connective tissues disorder | 0.3 | 0.3 | P = 1 |
| Mental disorder | 35.8 | 36.6 | P = 0.08 |
| Parkinson disease | 0.5 | 0.7 | P = 0.26 |
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 15.2 | 15.8 | P = 0.29 |
The comparative results regarding hospitalization duration, post-procedural outcomes, and overall analysis between the TAA and AA groups are detailed in Table 5. A notably higher mortality rate was observed in the AA group (p = 0.002). Furthermore, significant differences were identified in both the average length of stay and the mean total charges, with the TAA group demonstrating more favorable outcomes (p < 0.0001).
Postoperative Complications rates are shown in Table 6. AA was associated with higher rates of blood loss anemia, acute kidney injury, and heart failure. Additionally, surgical wound complications, blood transfusion rate and pneumonia were more prevalent in the AA group. Acute coronary artery disease, pulmonary edema, venous thromboembolism, and pulmonary embolism did not show significant differences between the groups.
Discussion
The current study, utilizing a large cohort of patients and minimizing selection bias through propensity score matching, revealed significant differences between TAA and AA. Our analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of TAA procedures over the study period, with TAA utilization rising from 73% in 2016 to 78% in 2019, while AA decreased from 27% to 22%, which has been reported in various centers in the world. [17,18]
In addition, while TAA is associated with higher initial costs, it provides better outcomes in terms of reduced in-hospital mortality, shorter hospital stays, and lower postoperative complication rates compared to AA. These findings suggest that, despite AA traditionally being regarded as the gold standard option for end-stage ankle osteoarthritis, the superior outcomes with TAA in this study call that assumption into question. The data suggest that it may be appropriate to reconsider the role of AA as the preferred surgical option. While not definitive, this data prompts further discussion and exploration of TAA as a as a viable and potentially more preferable alternative, especially given its advantages despite slightly higher costs.
Patients undergoing AA exhibited higher incidences of comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, chronic lung disease, obesity, and mental disorders (all P < 0.0001). However, it is crucial to note that the groups cannot be directly compared due to differing indications for each procedure, highlighting the potential for selection bias. A comprehensive study revealed contradictory findings, indicating a higher Elixhauser Comorbidity Index in the TAA group, primarily due to arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, electrolyte/fluid disorders, and iron deficiency anemia [18]. Additionally, a large retrospective study from Japan reported that patients undergoing TAA were generally older, more likely to be female, and had a higher prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis compared to those undergoing AA [19].
Moreover, AA patients faced higher in-hospital mortality rates and longer hospital stays. These findings align with a previous study on the same database evaluating trends in TAA [20]. In terms of mortality, our results corroborate existing literature [18,19]. Importantly, our analysis indicates that the choice to perform AA or TAA is significantly influenced by patient characteristics, making propensity score matching essential for obtaining comparable groups. Our results are consistent with other studies demonstrating a significant reduction in in-hospital length of stay (LOS) over time for TAA patients compared to AA patients, with some TAA patients even being discharged on the same day [21]. Additionally, another study found that LOS was associated with age, indicating that patients older than 70 years have an increased risk for prolonged hospital stays and discharge to non-home settings [22].
as mentioned previously AA patients generally present with more comorbidities and face higher mortality and longer hospital stays compared to TAA patients, who tend to be older and more likely to have rheumatoid arthritis. These differences underscore the importance of addressing selection bias in our analysis and the need for propensity score matching to ensure meaningful comparisons between these groups.
Medicare was the predominant payer for both TAA and AA, with a higher prevalence of Medicare coverage in TAA cases. The hospitalization charges for TAA were significantly higher than for AA, amounting to $91,358 compared to $79,308. A literature review indicates that TAA is consistently associated with higher costs. For instance, a study utilizing the National Inpatient Sample demonstrated a substantial increase in TAA costs, which rose from $40,203 in 2005 to $86,208 by the end of 2013, with a continuing upward trend thereafter [19]. It is important to note that cost structures can vary significantly across different countries; thus, these findings may not be universally applicable. However, given that our analysis is based on real-life data for the investigated patient population, it holds definitive value in understanding the economic implications of TAA and AA within this specific context.
Postoperative complications were higher among the AA group, with significantly elevated rates of blood loss, anemia, acute kidney injury, and heart failure (all P < 0.0001). Risk ratio analysis further highlighted the significantly increased risks of infection, blood transfusion, heart failure, and in-hospital mortality in the AA group, indicating a greater overall complication burden compared to TAA. However, it is important to recognize that these findings are based on unadjusted comparisons. Using propensity score matching, which minimizes selection bias by aligning groups based on similar characteristics, we found a marked reduction in these differences. The propensity score-matched analysis, revealed no significant differences in most examined parameters, except payer. Our analysis indicated significantly lower in-hospital mortality rates and shorter length of stay in the TAA group.
The literature on postoperative complications remains contradictory; for instance, one study indicated a higher need for blood transfusions in AA patients, while others have correlated lower hospital volume and shorter anesthesia duration with higher rates of adverse events following TAA [19]. Furthermore, a review of a large meta-analysis showed that the relative risk of complications improved with advancements in implant design, addressing concerns such as nerve injury, fractures, wound complications, and radiological abnormalities like heterotopic bone formation and aseptic loosening [23].
While our study focuses on early outcomes and complications between TAA and AA, it is important to acknowledge advancements in prosthetic designs and surgical techniques that have improved the long-term success and survival rates of TAA. Modern ankle replacements now demonstrate longevity comparable to hip and knee replacements [24]. However, these long-term benefits, along with the associated higher initial hospitalization costs and the need for more frequent follow-up care to monitor for complications such as implant loosening or wear, are outside the scope of this paper. Future research could investigate these aspects to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the long-term efficacy and economic implications of TAA compared to AA, particularly in patients seeking to maintain an active lifestyle.
The use of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database in our study, while offering extensive data on inpatient hospital stays, presents inherent limitations that warrant careful consideration. The NIS lacks outpatient and longitudinal patient data, limiting our analysis to inpatient encounters and preventing the assessment of long-term health outcomes. Furthermore, the absence of detailed clinical data such as laboratory results and patient histories restricts the depth of clinical insights that can be derived. Additionally, potential inaccuracies due to coding errors and data entry issues may affect the validity of our findings. The database's reliance on hospital charge data for cost estimates also poses challenges in accurately reflecting actual healthcare costs. These limitations underscore the necessity for cautious interpretation of our results and suggest that conclusions drawn should be viewed as indicative rather than definitive.
Our methodology, which utilized extensive ICD-10 codes from a large dataset, provides a macro-level perspective rooted in real-life clinical practice. While this approach lacks detailed patient-level data, the inclusion of over 20,000 cases enhances the statistical power of our findings. Unlike randomized controlled trials (RCTs), where surgeries are often performed by highly specialized professionals, our registry-based study reflects the realities of everyday clinical practice, offering valuable insights into the outcomes in broader, more typical patient populations. Although registry studies have limitations, their ability to mirror real-world scenarios is perhaps even more significant in understanding the true effectiveness of these procedures.
It is imperative that future studies delve deeper into the efficacy of TAA, an area not fully explored in our current research. Understanding the suitability and benefits of TAA in more complex cases is a pressing need for enhancing clinical decision-making and patient care.
In conclusion, our analysis revealed that primary osteoarthritis was the leading cause of TAA and AA procedures. There was a significant increase in TAA prevalence over the study period, while AA procedures decreased. AA patients exhibited higher rates of comorbidities. In addition, AA was associated with higher in-hospital mortality, extended hospital stays, and postoperative complications compared to TAA. Risk ratio analysis underscored significantly higher risks for infection, blood transfusion, heart failure, and in-hospital mortality in the AA group, highlighting the increased complication and mortality risks associated with AA compared to TAA.
Declarations of interest: none
Declarations of interest
none
References
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Figure 1.
Surgical Treatment Methods of Ankle Osteoarthritis.
Figure 2.
Percentage of Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Ankle Arthrodesis Procedures Within Each Calendar Year (2016-2019).
Figure 2.
Percentage of Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Ankle Arthrodesis Procedures Within Each Calendar Year (2016-2019).
Table 1.
Distribution of Etiologies for Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Ankle Arthrodesis.
| Etiology for surgery | Total ankle arthroplasty | Ankle Arthrodesis | Significance |
| Primary osteoarthritis | 85.90% | 55.40% | P<0.0001 |
| Fracture | 0.20% | 13.50% | |
| Complications of internal orthopedic prosthetic | 6.70% | 8.20% | |
| Diabetes | 0.00% | 6.40% | |
| Post-traumatic arthritis | 5.30% | 4.50% | |
| Leg Deformity | 0.40% | 5.40% | |
| Charcot joint | 0.00% | 2.40% | |
| Osteonecrosis | 0.20% | 1.80% | |
| Osteomyelitis | 0.00% | 1.30% | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.90% | 0.60% | |
| Orthopedic aftercare | 0.30% | 0.50% |
Table 2.
Demographic and Payer Characteristics for Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Ankle Arthrodesis.
| Parameter | Total ankle arthroplasty (n=20,765) | Ankle Arthrodesis (n=6,830) | Significance |
| Total Surgeries (Count) | 20765 | 6830 | - |
| Average age | 65.61 | 59.66 | P<0.0001 |
| Female (%) | 44.9% | 46.0% | P=0.137 |
| Payer - Medicare (%) | 59.3% | 47.8% | P<0.0001 |
| Payer - Medicaid (%) | 3.7% | 11.3% | |
| Payer - Private (%) | 33.1% | 33.7% | |
| Payer - Other (including self-pay) (%) | 4.00% | 7.30% | |
| Race -White (%) | 90.1% | 83.5% | P<0.0001 |
| Race -Black (%) | 2.9% | 6.2% | |
| Race -Hispanic (%) | 3.5% | 6.3% | |
| Race -Asian or Pacific Islander (%) | 0.9% | 1.2% | |
| Race - Native American (%) | 0.3% | 0.8% | |
| Race -Other (%) | 2.3% | 2.0% |
Table 3.
Comorbidities for Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Ankle Arthrodesis.
| Parameter | Total ankle arthroplasty (n=20,765) | Ankle Arthrodesis (n=6,830) | Significance |
| Hypertension Diagnosis (%) | 53.4 | 50.9 | P<0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia Diagnosis (%) | 39.5 | 37.8 | P = 0.011 |
| Chronic Anemia (%) | 2.8 | 4.5 | P<0.0001 |
| Osteoporosis (%) | 3.6 | 2.3 | P<0.0001 |
| Alcohol Abuse (%) | 1.1 | 2.3 | P<0.0001 |
| Type 2 Diabetes (%) | 13.8 | 24.9 | P<0.0001 |
| Renal Disease (%) | 5.4 | 9.4 | P<0.0001 |
| CHF (%) | 0.8 | 2.1 | P<0.0001 |
| Chronic Lung Disease (%) | 4.5 | 9.5 | P<0.0001 |
| Obesty (%) | 22.2 | 33.2 | P<0.0001 |
| IBD | 0.3 | 0.2 | P = 0.34 |
| Coagulation defects | 0.6 | 1.3 | P<0.0001 |
| Connective tissues disorder | 0.1 | 0.3 | P = 0.002 |
| Mental disorder | 26.4 | 36.6 | P<0.0001 |
| Parkinson disease | 0.7 | 0.7 | P = 0.938 |
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 11.5 | 15.8 | P<0.0001 |
Table 5.
Comparison hospitalization outcomes after propensity matching score.
| Total ankle arthroplasty (n=6,830) | Ankle Arthrodesis (n=6,830) | Significance | |
| Died during hospitalization | 0.00% | 0.15% | P=0.002 |
| Length of stay mean in days | 1.77 | 2.49 | P<0.0001 |
| Total charges mean in $ | 89,808 | 79,308 | P<0.0001 |
Table 6.
Comparison of Postoperative Complications for Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Ankle Arthrodesis in a PS match cohort.
Table 6.
Comparison of Postoperative Complications for Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Ankle Arthrodesis in a PS match cohort.
| Total ankle arthroplasty (n=6,830) | Ankle Arthrodesis (n=6,830) | Significance | |
| Blood Loss Anemia | 3.8% | 7.91% | P<0.0001 |
| Acute Kidney Injury | 0.7% | 2.86% | P<0.0001 |
| Heart Failure | 0.00% | 0.22% | P<0.0001 |
| Acute Coronary Artery Disease | 0.15% | 0.15% | P=1 |
| Pulmonary Edema | 0.14% | 0.07% | P=0.196 |
| Venous Thromboembolism | 0.07% | 0.14% | P=0. 196 |
| Pulmonary Embolism | 0.07% | 0.07% | P=1 |
| Pneumonia | 0.00% | 0.37% | P<0.0001 |
| Surgical Wound Complication | 0.00% | 0.51% | P<0.0001 |
| Blood transfusion | 0.20% | 1.90% | P<0.0001 |
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