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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
supplementary.docx (303.48KB )
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
31 March 2024
Posted:
02 April 2024
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PM size | Average aero-dynamic size | Surface area per particle (µm2) | Particles fitting in a 10 µm diameter sphere | Equivalent area vs a 10 µm diameter sphere (µm2) | Main sources | Main components |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM10 | 10 µm | 314 | 1 | 314 | Soil, industry, traffic, construction | Soil products, salts and oxides, biological components (i.e. bacteria and fungi) |
PM2.5 | 2.5 µm | 19.63 | 64 | 1256 | Fuel combustion, traffic (gasoline and diesel engines) | Black carbon particles, PAHs and other organic compounds |
PM0.1 | 0.1 µm | 0.0314 | 1 *106 | 31400 | Cigarette smoke, fuel combustion, waste incineration, wear off of materials containing NPs | Carbon derived nanomaterials, metal derived nanomaterials |
Cells/ cell line | Type of PM, conc., time of exposure, condition | Main oxidative stress-related effects | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
A549 | CSE, 3 and 6%, 12h, SUB | - LC3B-II, protein carbonylation, translocation of ADAR1 from nucleus to cytosol - ADAR1 (but not mRNA, so it’s post-transcriptional), CYP1A1, RNA editing levels of AhR, SOD act. |
(Takizawa et al., 2020) |
A549 | CSE (commercial), 0.25 & 1mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, CCL5, CYBA, SOD, GPx, CAT, NOX, Nrf2, ATG5, ATG12, ATG16, beclin-1, LC3B-II/LC3B-I, autophagosome formation, FOXO1, nuclear FOXO3a - FOXO3a, mTOR No change in cell viability, ANXV+ or Pi+ cells (= no necrosis, no apoptosis) |
(Bagam et al., 2021) |
A549 | PM10 SRM 1648a water-soluble fraction, 400mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - MDA, NO, MEK5, ERK5, p-ERK5, Nrf2, HO-1 - cell viability, SOD act., CAT, GSH |
(Xue et al., 2021b) |
A549 | PM SRM 1648a, 25-200mg/cm2 (119-950mg/mL), 24h, SUB | - ROS, p-AMPKa, Sestrin2 (oxidative stress suppressor), IL-8, TNF-a, COX-2 - cell viability, mitochondrial function |
(So et al., 2022) |
A549 | PM SRM 1649b Organic extractable fraction, 100mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - wound healing, cell migration, vimentin, fibronectin, ETS-1, p-p65 NF-κb - E-cadherin |
(Chen et al., 2020) |
A549 | PM2.5 (Water-soluble fraction in simulated lung fluid), 50-200mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - LDH, DNA damage, proline expression - cell viability, TAC |
(Barzgar et al., 2023) |
A549 | PM2.5 (brake-derived) w/ ¹ Cu conc., 50-500mg/mL, 48h, SUB |
- ROS, % apoptotic cells, MitoMP, IL-8, IL-1a, IL-6, TNF-a, HO-1 - Cell viability, Bcl-2 |
(Figliuzzi et al., 2020) |
A549 | PM2.5 Urban vs industrial, 80mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - ROS, TNF-a (non-pollution), IL-6 (industrial) - Cell viability, NOQ1 |
(Pang et al., 2020) |
A549 | PM2.5, 80mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - ROS, IL-6, TNF-a, LDH - Cell viability (significant but not relevant) |
(Li et al., 2022) |
A549+HUVEC on chip | PM2.5, 100mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - ROS, IL-1a, IL-1β, IL-6, INF-a, % apoptotic cells, BIP, PERK, p-eIF2a, CHOP, caspase-3 | (Guan et al., 2021) |
A549, SD-1 |
PM2.5, 100mg/mL, 12h, SUB | - ROS, Ca2+, IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a, NLRP3, caspase-1, TRPM2 | (Wang et al., 2020) |
A549, RAW 264.7 |
PM, 50mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - ROS, NO, O2-, IL-6, TNF-a, cells in G2/M, % apoptotic cells - viability |
(Guerra e Oliveira et al., 2022) |
A549+ diff THP-1 | Cow stable dust, 25-100mg/mL, 18h, SUB | - ROS, IL-6, TNF-a, cells in G1/G0 - metabolic act, cell in S-G2/M |
(Martikainen et al., 2021) |
A549, BEAS-2B |
CSE, 3 (A549) 1.38% (BEAS-2B), 48h, SUB | - p-NF-kb/NF-kb, vimentin, N-cadherin, a-SMA - Cell viability, Nrf2, SIRT1, p-b-catenin/b-catenin, E-cadherin |
(Saha et al., 2022) |
BEAS-2B | 3¹ functionalized carbon black vs carbon black (PM2.5), 1.56-25mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - IL-1b, IL-6, protein carbonylation - Cell viability, SOD2, Nrf2 |
(Housseiny et al., 2020) |
BEAS-2B | CSE, 8%, 24h, SUB |
- ROS, MDA, ERK p-p38 MAPK, IL-6, TNF-a, MMP-9, mitochondrial fission factor - SOD and GPx act, OPA1 |
(Yang et al., 2021) |
BEAS-2B | CSE, 5%, 24h, SUB |
- ROS, apoptotic cells, Bax, cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3, cleaved PARP/ PARP, MDA, TNFa, IL-6, IL-1b - cell viability, Bcl-2, SOD, GSH-Px, ANXA1, FRP2, pAMPK/AMPK |
(Yu and Zhang, 2022) |
BEAS-2B | CSE, 5%, 24h, SUB | - ROS, MDA, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, TRIM25, caspase-1, LDH, NLRP3, GSDMD-N, IL-1b, IL-18 - cell viability, SOD-1, SOD-2, SOD-3, Keap-1 |
(Tian et al., 2021) |
BEAS-2B | CSE (1%, 7days) & PM10 (SRM 1648 100mg/mL, 24h) alone vs combined, SUB |
- ROS (combined exposure), LDH (not CSE), MDA, IL-6, IL-8, p-ERK, p-JNK, Nrf2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1, CXCL-1, HO-1, NQO1 - Cell viability (not CSE), GSH, TXN |
(Son et al., 2020) |
BEAS-2B | PM SRM 1649b, 200μg/mL, 24h, SUB | - ROS, IL-6, IL-8, p-IκBα/IκBα, p-p65/p65 NF-κb, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1 - Keap1 |
(Wang et al., 2022b) |
BEAS-2B | PM SRM 1649b, 200mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - ROS, Pi+ cells, NLRP3, ASC, GSDM-N/GSDMD, cleaved caspase-1/caspase-1, caspase-1 act., LDH release, mature IL-1b/IL-1b, mature IL-18/IL-18, Nrf2 (total + nuclear), NQO1, HO-1, p-Akt/Akt - cell viability |
(Liu et al., 2022b) |
BEAS-2B | PM2.5 (SRM 2786), 20μg/cm2, 36h, SUB | - Lipid ROS, ROS, MitoMP, Mitochondrial ROS, NADP+/NADPH, COX2, MDA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a, Fe2+ accumulation, LC3B-II, NCOA4, FTH1 - cell viability, GPX4, GSH, GPx, Nrf2, PPAR-γ |
(Wang et al., 2022c) |
BEAS-2B | PM2.5 (China) soluble extract, 300μg/mL (~94 μg/cm2), up to 24h, SUB | - ROS, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, %apoptotic cells, COX2, p-p65 NF-κb, p-ERK, p-p38 MAPK/ERK, p-JNK - cell viability, ZO-1, E-cadherin, Bcl-2, GSH act, p-mTOR |
(Zhao et al., 2020) |
BEAS-2B | PM2.5, 25-200mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - Nrf2, NF-kb, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, a-SMA - Cell viability (lower in direct exp), E-cadherin |
(Wang et al., 2022d) |
BEAS-2B | PM2.5-0.3 vs organic extractable & non-extractable fractions, 12mgEq. PM/cm2, 6-48h, SUB | - ROS, Nrf2, Nrf2 binding act, Keap-1, NQO1, HO, SOD, GSSG/GSH, DNA damage protein carbonylation, 8-isoprostane, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, caspase 3/7, caspase 8, caspase 9 - cell viability, ATG5, Beclin, LC3B-II |
(Badran et al., 2020) |
BEAS-2B, WL-38, primary rat alveolar macrophages |
PM2.5, 70mg/mL, 24h SUB | BEAS-2B: - ROS, apoptosis rate, collagen I/III, a-SMA, TGF-b1, p-Smad2 - cell viability WL-38: - ROS, apoptosis rate, collagen I/III, a-SMA, TGF-b1, p-Smad2 - cell viability Alveolar macrophages: - ROS, apoptosis rate, M2 phenotype, mTORC1, TIPE2 - cell viability, M1 phenotype |
(Liu et al., 2022a) |
BEAS-2B, Primary mouse tracheal epithelial cells |
PM2.5, 100mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - ROS, MDA, miR-155 - SOD, GPx, FOXO3a, SOD2, CAT |
(Li et al., 2021) |
BEAS-2B, primary human small airway epithelial cells |
Polycarbonate (PC) vs polyurethane (PU) incinerated thermoplastics & derivatives w/ 3% carbon nanotubes (CNT), 0.6 or 1.2mg/cm2, 48h, ND | - ROS (only for PC-CNT and results in DNA damage), LDH, CYP1 act, cells in G2 - viability, cells in G1, MitoMP |
(Coyle et al., 2020) |
BEAS-2B, NHBE cells | Poultry organic dust extract, 0.25%, up to 24h, SUB | - ROS, mitoROS, pro-IL-1b, IL-8, IL-6, PTGS2, ICAM-1, p-p65 NF-κb, p-STAT-3 - p47phox (indicates NOX2 activation) |
(Meganathan et al., 2022) |
BEAS-2B, THP-1 |
Organic dust extract, 5%, 24h, SUB | BEAS-2B: - ROS, RNS, Nrf2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 THP-1: - ROS, RNS, iNOS, Nrf2, Trl2, Trl4, IL-6, IL-8, NF-kb |
(Shrestha et al., 2021) |
16-HBE | CSE, 5%, 24h, SUB | - ROS, LDH, IL-1b, IL-18, Pi+ cells, caspase-1 act, NLRP3 - GSDMD |
(Zhang et al., 2021) |
16-HBE | PM2.5 (China); 67.5, 116.9, 202.5mg/mL; 4 & 24h, SUB | - ROS, LDH, MDA, HO-1, DNA damage - Cell viability, GSH |
(Niu et al., 2020a) |
16-HBE14o-, NuLi-1 | SRM 2585 (Organic extract of house dust), 0.2mg/mL, SUB | - ROS, mitochondrial dysfunction - TEER |
(Marques dos Santos et al., 2022) |
HBECs | PM SRM 1649b, 300μg/mL, 24h, SUB | - ROS, IL-6, IL-1a, IL-1b, COX2, p-p65/p65 NF-κb - MitoMP |
(Zeng et al., 2022) |
HBECs | PM SRM 1649b, 200mg/mL, 24h, SUB |
- ROS, ATF4, BIP/GRP78, CHOP, ATF6, cleaved caspase-3, NLRP3, a, GSDMD-N, IL-1β, caspase-1, IL-18, IL-6, IL-8, apoptotic and necrotic cells, Nrf2 (total and nuclear), HO-1, NQO1. | (Shi et al., 2023) |
HBECs | CSE, 2%, 48h, SUB | - ROS, apoptosis rate, IL-8, IL-6, TNF-a, cleaved caspase-3, p-NF-kb, Keap-1, BIP/GRP78, p-PERK, p-IRE1a, ATF6, ATF4, CHOP, NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, XO, Keap-1 - Cell viability, HO-1, NQO-1, SOD, GCLM, Nrf-2 |
(Wang et al., 2022a) |
HBSM | CSE, 2.5% 24h, SUB |
- proliferation rate, BrdU incorporation (into newly synthesized DNA of actively proliferating cells), cyclin D1, a-SMA, p-SMAD2, p-SMAD3, TGF-b1 - PPAR- γ |
(Pan et al., 2021) |
J774A.1 | CSE, 0.5%, 24h, SUB | - ROS, NO - Cell viability |
(da Silva Araújo et al., 2020) |
L-132 | CSE, 10%, 24h, SUB | - TXNIP, NLRP3, mitoROS, LDH release - cell viability, mitophagy (mitochondria clearance) |
(Mahalanobish et al., 2020) |
MH-S | CSE, 3%, 1h, SUB | - ROS, EVs conc, vesicular (not intracellular) SOCS3 - 20S proteasome act. |
(Haggadone et al., 2020) |
MLE-12 | PM2.5, 100mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - a-SMA, Txnip, p-mTOR - cell viability, E-cadherin, Txnrd1 |
(Zhongyin et al., 2022) |
NCI-H292 | CSE, 10%, 48h, SUB | - IL-8, TNF-a, MMP-9, STAT3, JAK1, JAK2 - SOD, TIMP-1, PPAR |
(Haoran et al., 2020) |
NCI-H292, HPAEC |
PM2.5, 10mg/cm2, up to 24h, SUB |
- ROS (sub-urban), HO-1, SOD-2, IL-8 in both cell types but higher in endothelial | (Crobeddu et al., 2020) |
NCI-H460 | PM10, 400mg/mL, 12h, SUB | - ROS - cell viability |
(Lee et al., 2022a) |
NHBE | CS diluted in clean air, 0.5-4L/min, 40’/day * 3x/week * 4weeks followed by a 20day-recovery phase (RP), ALI |
- HO-1 (back to basal after RP), IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, RANTES, CK6, involucrin, TEER, PPARg - GSH/GSSG (acute exposure), IL-7, MCP-1, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-10, MMP-13, MUC5AC, MUC5B, CCSP, cilliated cells, goblet cells, number of cilia, cilia lenght, cilia beating frequency, |
(Xiong et al., 2021a) |
Primary human bronchial epithelial cells | DEP alone (12.5 μg/cm2, 3’/day x3days) vs single combined exposure w/ NO2 (0.1ppm) and w/ SO2 (0.2ppm), aerosol | -Alone: -IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a, GSTA1, HO, SOD3 - IL-8, MMP-9 Combined: -TNF-a, GSTA1, SOD3, MMP-9 |
(Upadhyay et al., 2022a) |
Primary human CCR6+Th17 cells | CSE, 5%, 48h, SUB | - ROS, SA-b gal+ cells, p16INK4a + cells, VEGFa, p-ERK+ cells, HO-1, NQO1 | (Baskara et al., 2020) |
Primary rat alveolar epithelial cells | CSE (Heat-not-burn), 20% vs CSE (conventional), 10%, up to 24h, SUB |
-Nrf2, HO-1, GSTA1, GSTA3, NQO1 | (Ito et al., 2020) |
Rat ATII cells, NR8383 | PM2.5, 50mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - ROS, IL-6, TNF-a, apoptosis or necrosis Data related to immunomodulation is normalized to PM2.5 making it not possible to understand the effects of PM2.5 relative to control. |
(Gao et al., 2021) |
RAW 264.7 | PMET720 (common stainless-steel wire) aerosols collected @50 or 60 psi, up to 200mg/mL, 24h, SUB vs. GMA-SS, MMA-SS welding particles |
PMET720(60) @200mg/mL: -LDH, NF-kb (>3.12ug/mL) - Cell viability PMET720(50&60) @100mg/mL: - ROS, NF-kb (>3.12ug/mL) |
(Kodali et al., 2022) |
RAW 264.7 | PM2.5, 400mg/mL, 24h, SUB | - ROS, MDA, NLRP3, NF-kb, Bax, apoptotic rate, caspase-1, caspase-3, GSDMD, IL-1β, %cells in G2 - Bcl-2, SOD act., %cells in G1 |
(Ren et al., 2022) |
RAW 264.7 | PM (China) urban aerossol, 30mg/cm2, 24h, SUB | - ROS, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, MIP-2 | (Tanaka et al., 2022) |
diff U937 (as alveolar macrophages), HMC3 (microglia) | DPM SRM 2975, 25mg/mL, 24h, SUB Conditioned serum, 48h, SUB |
-U937: - ROS, H2O2, MCP-1, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a HMC3: - ROS, H2O2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1b, TNF-a, CD-14 activation |
(Pradhan et al., 2023) |
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