Genomic and Phenotypic Analysis of Salmonella enterica Bacteriophages Identifies Two Novel Phage Species

Version 1 : Received: 8 March 2024 / Approved: 8 March 2024 / Online: 11 March 2024 (09:30:09 CET)
Version 2 : Received: 11 March 2024 / Approved: 12 March 2024 / Online: 13 March 2024 (14:07:08 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Bhandare, S.; Lawal, O.U.; Colavecchio, A.; Cadieux, B.; Zahirovich-Jovich, Y.; Zhong, Z.; Tompkins, E.; Amitrano, M.; Kukavica-Ibrulj, I.; Boyle, B.; Wang, S.; Levesque, R.C.; Delaquis, P.; Danyluk, M.; Goodridge, L. Genomic and Phenotypic Analysis of Salmonella enterica Bacteriophages Identifies Two Novel Phage Species. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 695. Bhandare, S.; Lawal, O.U.; Colavecchio, A.; Cadieux, B.; Zahirovich-Jovich, Y.; Zhong, Z.; Tompkins, E.; Amitrano, M.; Kukavica-Ibrulj, I.; Boyle, B.; Wang, S.; Levesque, R.C.; Delaquis, P.; Danyluk, M.; Goodridge, L. Genomic and Phenotypic Analysis of Salmonella enterica Bacteriophages Identifies Two Novel Phage Species. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 695.

Abstract

Bacteriophages (phages) are potential alternatives to chemical antimicrobials against pathogens of public health significance. Understanding the diversity and host specificity of phages is important for developing effective phage biocontrol approaches. Here, we assessed the host range, morphology, and genetic diversity of eight Salmonella enterica phages isolated from a wastewater treatment plant. The host range analysis revealed that six out of eight phages lysed more than 81% of the 43 Salmonella enterica isolates tested. The genomic sequences of all phages were determined. Whole genome sequencing data (WGS) data revealed that phage genome sizes ranged from 41 to 114 kb with GC contents be-tween 39.9 and 50.0 %. Two of the phages SB13 and SB28 represent new species Epsep-timavirus SB13 and genera Macdonaldcampvirus, respectively as designated by the In-ternational Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) as per genome based taxonomic classification. One phage (SB18) belonged to the Myoviridae morphotype while the re-maining phages belonged to the Siphoviridae morphotype. The gene content analyses showed that none of the phages possessed virulence, toxin, antibiotic resistance, type I-VI toxin-antitoxin modules or lysogeny genes. Three (SB3, SB15 and SB18) out of the eight phages possessed tailspike proteins. Whole genome-based phylogeny of the eight phages with their 113 homologs revealed three clusters A, B, C and seven subclusters (A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1 and C2). While cluster C1 phages were predominantly isolated from animal sources, cluster B contained phages from both wastewater and animal sources. The broad host range of these phages highlights their potential use to control the presence of S. enterica in foods.

Keywords

Salmonella; bacteriophage; diversity; host specificity; comparative phylogenomics; food safety.

Subject

Biology and Life Sciences, Immunology and Microbiology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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