Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Relabeling for Indoor Localization Using Stationary Beacons in Nursing Care Facilities

Version 1 : Received: 12 December 2023 / Approved: 13 December 2023 / Online: 14 December 2023 (04:18:58 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Garcia, C.; Inoue, S. Relabeling for Indoor Localization Using Stationary Beacons in Nursing Care Facilities. Sensors 2024, 24, 319. Garcia, C.; Inoue, S. Relabeling for Indoor Localization Using Stationary Beacons in Nursing Care Facilities. Sensors 2024, 24, 319.

Abstract

In this study, we propose an augmentation method for machine learning based on relabeling data in caregiving and nursing staff indoor localization with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology. Indoor localization is used to monitor staff to patient assistance in caregiving and to gain insights into workload management. However, improving accuracy is challenging when there is a limited amount of sensor data available for training. In this paper, we propose a data augmentation method to reuse the Received Signal Strength (RSS) from different sensors by relabeling to the sensors with less samples resolving data imbalance. Standard deviation and Kullback-Leibler divergence between minority and majority class are used to measure signal pattern to find matching sensors to relabel. By matching sensors between classes, two variation of relabeling are implemented specifically full and partial matching. The performance is evaluated using real world dataset we collected for five days in a nursing care facility installed with 25 BLE beacons. Random Forest model is utilized for location recognition, and performance is compared using the weighted F1-score to account for class imbalance. By increasing the sensor data with our proposed relabeling method for data augmentation, we achieved higher minority class F1-score as compared to augmentation with Random Sampling, Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and Adaptive Synthetic Sampling (ADASYN). Our proposed method utilizes collected sensor data by leveraging majority class samples. Full matching demonstrated a 6 to 8% improvement from the original baseline overall weighted F1-score.

Keywords

oversampling; augmentation; machine learning; signal measurement; signal pattern; relabeling; indoor localization; beacon; nursing care

Subject

Computer Science and Mathematics, Computer Networks and Communications

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