Hagino, H. Feasibility of Measuring Brake-Wear Particle Emissions from a Regenerative-Friction Brake Coordination System via Dynamometer Testing. Atmosphere2024, 15, 75.
Hagino, H. Feasibility of Measuring Brake-Wear Particle Emissions from a Regenerative-Friction Brake Coordination System via Dynamometer Testing. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 75.
Hagino, H. Feasibility of Measuring Brake-Wear Particle Emissions from a Regenerative-Friction Brake Coordination System via Dynamometer Testing. Atmosphere2024, 15, 75.
Hagino, H. Feasibility of Measuring Brake-Wear Particle Emissions from a Regenerative-Friction Brake Coordination System via Dynamometer Testing. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 75.
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of methods based on the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Procedure Brake Cycle to measure brake wear particle emissions for currently used electrified vehicles. Our results indicated that reducing brake friction work reduced brake wear particle emissions. Commercially available, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles reduced emissions by 85% for PM10, 78% for PM2.5, and 87% for particle numbers (PNs) compared to vehicles with internal combustion engines. Brake friction work showed a linear relationship with PM10 and PM2.5. Nanoparticle PM emissions tended to increase slightly with regenerative braking, but did not contribute significantly to the overall PM percentage. the emission events of high number concentrations of nuclei mode particles (<20 nm in diameter) in electric vehicle brake assemblies designed for regenerative braking use under high-temperature, high-load braking conditions with full-friction brakes. The nuclei mode particles amplified the PN emissions and led to a high variability. In strict regulatory certification tests, where measurement reproducibility and stability are required, it is appropriate to measure PNs under brake conditions appropriate for the actual use of electric vehicles rather than under full-friction brake conditions or to remove particle measurements smaller than 20 nm.
Keywords
brake wear; particulate matter; plug in hybrid electric vehicle; electric vehicle; regenerative and hydraulic brake control system; WLTP-Brake cycle; non-exhaust emissions
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science and Meteorology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
