Efremenko, E.; Stepanov, N.; Senko, O.; Lyagin, I.; Maslova, O.; Aslanli, A. Artificial Humic Substances as Biomimetics of Natural Analogues: Production, Characteristics and Preferences Regarding Their Use. Biomimetics2023, 8, 613.
Efremenko, E.; Stepanov, N.; Senko, O.; Lyagin, I.; Maslova, O.; Aslanli, A. Artificial Humic Substances as Biomimetics of Natural Analogues: Production, Characteristics and Preferences Regarding Their Use. Biomimetics 2023, 8, 613.
Efremenko, E.; Stepanov, N.; Senko, O.; Lyagin, I.; Maslova, O.; Aslanli, A. Artificial Humic Substances as Biomimetics of Natural Analogues: Production, Characteristics and Preferences Regarding Their Use. Biomimetics2023, 8, 613.
Efremenko, E.; Stepanov, N.; Senko, O.; Lyagin, I.; Maslova, O.; Aslanli, A. Artificial Humic Substances as Biomimetics of Natural Analogues: Production, Characteristics and Preferences Regarding Their Use. Biomimetics 2023, 8, 613.
Abstract
Humification is a promising strategy to reduce the amount of animal waste generated in agriculture. This makes it possible to accumulate products with artificially obtained humic substances (HS) as analogues of natural HS, usually extracted from fossil sources (coal, peat). The review examines the main characteristics of various biological and physical-chemical methods (composting, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonation, acid or alkaline hydrolysis, subcritical water ex-traction) used to form HS in animal waste humification products. A comparative analysis of the humification rates and yields of HS in these processes, the characteristics of artificial HS in products (humification index, polymerization index, degree of aromaticity, etc.) is carried out in connection with the use of certain methods of humification and types of animal waste. The main factors (ad-ditives, process conditions, waste pretreatment, etc.) that can increase the efficiency of humification and the properties of HS resources artificially obtained by various methods are highlighted. A generalizing analysis of the content of chemical elements in artificial HS obtained from various animal husbandry wastes in comparison with natural HS was carried out. Based on the results of the chemical composition analysis, the main trends and preferences regarding the most useful ap-plications of humification products as complex biomimetics are discussed.
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Waste Management and Disposal
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