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Thyme Essential Oil As an Antibacterial Irrigant in Root Canal Treatment: In Vitro Preliminary Study

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31 October 2023

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01 November 2023

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Abstract
Irrigation is crucial in cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system, because endodontic instruments are unable to reach a large part of the root canal system (isthmuses, accessory canals, apical ramifications) and bacteria that can reside. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is currently used as irrigant in root canal therapies for its non-specific protheolytic and antimicrobial properties, but undesirable effects may be observed especially when used near the terminus of apical foramen. This study aims to evaluate antimicrobial properties of Thyme Essential Oil (TEO) used alone or in combination with NaOCl against different bacterial strains, especially Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. TEO non-cytotoxic concentration (9,28mg/mL) showed antimicrobial properties comparable to NaOCl after 1min of contact, both in presence of organic material (6% sheep blood). Moreover, the combination of TEO and NaOCl did not compromise their individual antimicrobial properties at the same time of contact. These data suggest that TEO could be used as antimicrobial irrigant in root canal therapies in association with NaOCl, to reduce concentration of NaOCl and its undesirable side effects. Due to the absence of cytotoxic effects at tested dilution, TEO could be safely used also near the terminus of apical foramen for its cytocompatibility.
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Subject: Medicine and Pharmacology  -   Dentistry and Oral Surgery

1. Introduction

The oral cavity hosts various microorganisms and represents the habitat from which im-balances in the microbial flora can favor the onset of oral diseases such as caries, endodontic infections and periodontal diseases with possible systemic dissemination [1,2]. Therefore, the main goal of endodontic treatments is the prevention or repair of periapical pathology caused by these microorganisms [3,4,5,6,7]. To achieve intracanal disinfection and to promote periapical healing, “chemo-mechanical preparation” of the tooth is performed by mechanical instrumentation of the root canal space and the simultaneous use of chemical agents [8,9]. Irrigation is complementary to instrumentation and facilitates the removal of pulp tissues and/or microorganisms [10], above all in root canal system areas not achievable by mechanical instrumentation (isthmus, apical delta, accessory canals) [11]. In addition to provide mechanical flushing action, microbicidal effects and dissolution of pulp tissue remnants, an ideal irrigant should be free of local and systemic ad-verse effects [11]. The most used irrigants in endodontics are sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and chlorhexidine (CHX), all of which are re-sponsible for harmful side effects [12,13,14]. Among these, NaOCl is the unique irrigant solution with antimicrobial effects and ability to dissolve organic components (biofilm, pulp remnants). However, NaOCl reacts with the collagen in the dentine matrix, especially after prior exposure to a chelating agent, and this may alter the modulus of elasticity, the tensile and flexural strength and the microhardness of dentine [15]. Moreover, is also caustic [16], and its inadvertent extrusion towards the periapical tissues may result in type I and IV hypersensitivity responses [16,17] and NaOCl accident, such as facial skin bruising, emphysema, tissue necrosis and sometimes paresthesia [18,19,20]. Because the efficacy of syringe irrigation depends on the proximity of the needles to the apical terminus of the root canal [21,22,23] as well as on the apical enlargement [24,25], the risk of inadvertent apical extrusion is a complication that must be considered with use of NaOCl. Furthermore, it cannot be used in combination with other commonly used antimicrobial compounds such as CHX due to their chemical reaction forming a potentially toxic orange-brown precipitate [26,27,28].
In recent years, the research for new intracanal irrigants and molecules with good biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity has increased. Pharmacological studies have recognized the value of medicinal plants as potential sources of bioactive compounds [29] and since some natural plant extracts have antimicrobial and therapeutic properties, their potential use as endodontic irrigants or intracanal medicaments has been suggested [30,31,32]. In addition to antimicrobial effects, plant irrigants are safer and less toxic to host tis-sues [30].
Therefore, the trend to seek phyto therapeutic alternatives for endodontic treatment has re-emerged, recording a growing interest from researchers in the field of phytotherapy, both for its beneficial properties and reduced side effects, and for its ease of availability [33]. The use of herbs in dentistry, known as “Phytotherapy or Phytomedicine or Ethnopharmacology,” has ancient origins and dates back to 1900, when Prinz [34] conducted for the first time experimental tests supporting the use of essential oils (EOs) in dentistry as therapeutic agents for the treatment of the early stages of endodontic inflammation. Based on these data, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Thyme Essential Oil (TEO, Thymus vulgaris) alone or in combination with NaOCl to reduce the concentrations of NaOCl used for oral therapies, and to improve the antiseptic efficacy, reducing side effects.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Thymus vulgaris EO

The pure EO of Thymus vulgaris (TEO) was provided by Specchiasol S.r.l. (Bussolengo, VR, Italy) and was stored in a brown glass bottle at a temperature of 0–4°C for the entire duration of the experiments. The concentration of TEO employed in the trial derived from previous studies [35]. Starting from the concentration of the commercial packaging of TEO equal to 928mg/mL (weight/volume, w/v), TEO was diluted (1:10 volume/volume, v/v) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and subsequently in TSB (final dilution 1:100 v/v, corresponding to 9.28mg/mL w/v) [36].

2.2. Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl)

A 6% sodium hypochlorite solution formula, CanalPro™ (Coltène Italia S.r.l), was used to prepare three different dilutions in sterile water, 6%, 3% and 1%, to test its anti-bacterial action against enroll bacterial strains.

2.3. Bacterial Strains

Two ATCC strains, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300) and Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 70061), were used as challenging microorganisms (Manassas, VA, USA). Further-more, some experimental trials were also performed using the following bacterial strains: Citrobacter freundii, Enterococcus feciorum, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter cioffi, Pseudomonas putrefaciens and Klebsiella pneumoniae, belonging to the anaerobic bacteria species predominantly isolated from root canals [37], isolated from skin lesion, blood, milk, eye, mucous membranes, and oral and pharyngeal swabs submitted to the laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Italy [35]. All bacterial suspensions were prepared by inoculating 200µL of each microorganism in 3mL of Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) (Liofilchem, Teramo, Italy) and then incubated for 24h at 37°C. A-24h culture was used for each strain with a titer of 109CFU/mL, except for S. mutans for which a 24h-culture was used with a titer of 107CFU/mL.

2.4. TEO and NaOCl Cytotoxicity on Cell Cultures

The TEO maximum non-cytotoxic concentration was evaluated in vitro with the Toxicology Assay Kit as previously reported by Galgano et al., [35] and was considered as the TEO concentration at which the viability of treated Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells decreased by no more than 20% (CC20) with respect to the negative control.
Cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring the absorbance signal (optical density, OD), with a spectrophotometer and data were analyzed with a non-linear curve fitting procedure, and the goodness of fit was evaluated via a non-linear regression analysis of the dose–response curve. The maximum non-cytotoxic concentration was considered as the TEO concentration at which the viability of treated MDBK cells decreased by no more than 20% (CC20) with respect to the negative control. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
The same experiment was performed using NaOCl at different dilutions 6%, 3% and 1%.

2.5. TEO and NaOCl Antibacterial Activity on ATCC bacterial strains

The antibacterial activities of TEO and NaOCl, used alone or in combination, were carried out on S. aureus (strain ATCC 43300) and S. mutans (strain ATCC 70061) in three different experimental tests. For the first experiments, final 1:100 (v/v) TEO dilutions were tested with the established S. aureus and S. mutans inoculum in TSB (109CFU/mL and 107CFU/mL, respectively) for 1min, 3min, 5min at room temperature (RT). The second experiment for the evaluation of NaOCl antibacterial activity, NaOCl solutions were pre-pared at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 6% (v/v) in bacterial suspensions (S. aureus and S. mutans, with a titer of 109 CFU/mL and 107 CFU/mL, respectively) and then incubated at room temperature for 1min, 3min, 5min. Finally, the antibacterial activity of TEO, diluted 1:100, associated with NaOCl, at the concentration of 1%, was evaluated for the same bacterial strains and under the same conditions described above.
Then, 1mL aliquots of each suspension of the three tests, were diluted (ten-fold dilutions starting from 10−1 to 10−9) in TSB and cultured into Plate Count Agar (PCA) plates (Liofilchem, Teramo, Italy). The positive control (bacterial suspension without NaOCl) was contextually diluted and plated as above. All cultured plates were incubated at 37°C for 24h and 48h. All tests were performed in triplicate.
Bactericidal activity was evaluated after 24h and 48h of incubation at 37°C, as de-scribed above. The tests conducted on S. mutans were carried out by incubating the strain at 37°C in an atmosphere with 5% CO2. All the tests were performed in triplicate.

2.6. Antibacterial activity of TEO and NaOCl in the presence of sheep erythrocytes

The antibacterial activity of TEO and NaOCl was evaluated in the presence of organic components (i.e., sheep erythrocytes) to simulate the presence of organic residues such as in the infected root canal system that could alter the antimicrobial activity of two com-pounds. An aliquot of the suspensions composed of cultures of all the tested bacteria, 2 ATCC and 6 field strains, and TEO diluted at 1:100 (v/v) supplemented with NaOCl 1%, were tested for antimicrobial activity in the presence of 6% erythrocytes. After 1 min of contact at RT, 1mL aliquot of each mixture was diluted from 10−1 to 10−9 in TSB, cultured into PCA plates and incubated for 24h and 48h at 37°C. Each test was performed in tripli-cate. The tests conducted on S. mutans were carried out by incubating the strain at 37°C in an atmosphere with 5% CO2.

2.7. Data Analyses

The assessment of normality in the distribution was conducted using the Shapiro-Wilk test. For independent samples, a One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s HSD test as a post hoc analysis. A significance level of p < 0.05 was chosen to determine statistical significance. The statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism v8.1.2 (Dotmatics, Boston, USA). The normality of the distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test (W = 0.85584, p-value = 0.008262).

3. Results

3.1. TEO Cytotoxicity on Cell Cultures

The CC20 value of TEO was assessed at a 1:100 dilution (v/v), corresponding to a concentration of 9.28 mg/mL (weight/volume, w/v) and calculated as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three experiments. In all the experiments, the DMSO did not show any effect on MDBK cells. All NaOCl solutions showed higher cytotoxicity than TEO 1:100 (data not shown).

3.2. TEO and NaOCl Antibacterial Activity

The antibacterial activity of TEO diluted 1:100 (v/v) on S. aureus (strain ATCC 43300) and S. mutans (strain ATCC 70061) cultures, was evaluated after 1min, 3min and 5min of contact at RT. As reported in Figure 1, TEO diluted 1:100 demonstrated a strong bactericidal activity in the absence of cytotoxicity, at all contact times, with total inhibition of bacterial growth (CFU= 0.00 for all tested strains, p < 0.05).
In the second experiment, NaOCl at different concentrations, 1%, 3% and 6%, yielded good results at every contact time (1min, 3min and 5min) on the ATCC tested bacterial strains, with a total inhibition of bacterial growth (CFU= 0.00 for all tested strains, p < 0.05). Interestingly, 1% NaOCl after 1min of contact at RT demonstrated the same antimi-crobial efficacy as 6% NaOCl solution after 5min of contact under the same conditions (Figure 2).
Having identified the 1:100 dilution of TEO and the concentration of 1% NaOCl as the solutions with effective antibacterial activity, the bactericidal activity of the two com-ponents used in association (TEO 1:100 and NaOCl 1%) was evaluated on the same ATCC bacterial strains, S. aureus and S. mutans, after 5min, 3min and 1min of contact at RT. As shown in Figure 3, the association of the two compounds has a strong bactericidal activity against the two ATCC strains comparable to that demonstrated individually by the two compounds at all contact times evaluated (CFU= 0.00 for all tested strains, p < 0.05).
Lastly, testing TEO diluted 1:100 (v/v) in association of 1% NaOCl and in the presence of 6% of sheep erythrocytes, the mixed solution was able to effectively inhibit bacterial growth of both ATCC strains, S. aureus (109CFU/mL) and S. mutans (107CFU/mL), after 1min, 3min and 5min of contact at RT (CFU= 0.00 for all tested strains, p < 0.05) (Figure 4).
Comparable results were obtained after evaluating the antibacterial activity of NaOCl at a concentration of 1% in the presence of a 6% erythrocyte suspension, on the 6 field strains (data not shown). The results obtained at 24 hours overlapped with those obtained at 48 hours for all tests performed.

4. Discussion

It is known that instruments are unable to reach a large part of the root canal system and that bacteria can also reside in fins extending laterally from the main canal, in isthmuses connecting adjacent root canals in the same root [38,39], in accessory canals, in apical ramifications and in patent dentinal tubules [40,41]. The importance of irrigation with the use of appropriate solution and medication able to reduce the number of microorganism-isms and increase chances for successful root-canal therapy, is crucial for a correct and effective debridement and disinfection of the root canal system [42].
NaOCl is the most used irrigant used during instrumentation. It is a nonspecific proteolytic agent with wide-ranging activities against endodontic microorganisms [11]. According to old laboratory studies, the desirable effects of NaOCl are a function of its con-centration [43,44,45,46,47] but recent clinical studies have not detected a significant difference in the antimicrobial effect or healing of apical periodontitis between different concentrations of NaOCl [48,49]. Increasing the concentration may also amplify undesirable effects of the solution, such as the mechanical properties of dentine [15]. Moreover, since NaOCl is also caustic [16] its involuntary extrusion towards the periapical tissues may result in cytotoxic reactions and potential side effects, even accidental [18,19]. Other irrigants such as CHX have antimicrobial effects [50,51,52] but have no dissolving action on tissues [53,54] and can reacts with residual NaOCl in the root canal to forms a potentially toxic orange-brown precipitate that can also cause discoloration [26,27,28]. Use of toxic medications or irrigants can cause not only complications during root-canal treatment but may interfere with the repair process as well. Therefore, in choosing irrigants or medications during root-canal treatment, biocompatibility should be a major consideration. One way to select a medication or an irrigant with these two characteristics is to study the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of available medications and irrigants at various dilutions, and then choose a medication or an irrigant that has both desirable properties [55]. An ideal root-canal dis-infectant would be a substance with the least cytotoxicity and the strongest antimicrobial activity.
There is a recent increase in the search for new intracanal irrigants with good biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity to supplement and/or replace NaOCl. Among natural agents, EOs are potential germicides whose activity date back to 1900, when Prinz [34] describe the first experiments of their use as germicidal agents for root canal treatments, root canal fillings or setting of crowns. Most of the antimicrobial activities of TEO appear to be associated with the phenolic compounds thymol, eugenol and carvacrol affecting the lipid ordering and stability of membrane bilayer and resulting in changes in permeability [56,57]. Moreover, EOs can interfere with bacterial enzymes, respiratory pathways, protein synthesis or transmembrane transportation activity [58].
Previous studies have demonstrated the strong antibacterial activity of TEO against oral bacteria species [35] and biofilm-producing bacteria [59,60]. Moreover, EOs act with the same effectiveness of NaOCl on antibiotic-sensitive and multidrug-resistant bacteria, even if organized in biofilms [59].
Since the caustic action of NaOCl, resulting mainly from involuntary extrusion to-wards the periapical tissues, as well as its dose-dependent toxic effect are well-known, in the present study in order to reduce the concentration of NaOCl used while maintaining the chances of successful root canal therapy, we evaluated in vitro the maximum non-cytotoxic concentration of TEO, which was found to be equal to the 1:100 (v/v) dilution (9.28mg/mL w/v).
The antibacterial activity of TEO diluted 1:100 and of NaOCl at different concentrations (from 1% to 6%) evaluated after 1min of contact at RT with bacterial strains were found to be comparable, with complete inhibition of bacterial growth with both compounds. Bacterial strains such as Staphylococci and Streptococci are involved in endodontic pathologies [6,61,62], and previous studies demonstrated the potential use of TEO as an intracanal drug as an alternative to conventional root canal irrigants [63,64]. However, one limit of TEO, as observed for CHX, is the lack of tissue-dissolving action and consequently, it should be used in combination to NaOCl as irrigant. Starting from this objection, in the present study TEO and NaOCl were tested together to evaluate their potential synergistic effect. Interesting, the two compounds were able to act in synergy without interference, completely inhibiting microbial growth after only 1min of contact, even in the presence of 6% (v/v) sheep erythrocyte that simulate the presence of organic remnants like pulp tissue which reproduce the infected environment of canal roots.

5. Conclusions

Our data confirm the efficacy of TEO as potential antimicrobial compound with possible applications as irrigant in endodontic treatments to counteract infection [65,66]. TEO demonstrated to be an effective microbicide with high biocompatibility and no interferences when mixed with NaOCl. Moreover, the association of TEO and NaOCl at low con-centrations inhibited totally microbial growth even in the presence of organic material. NaOCl remains the cornerstone (first choice) in root canal irrigation protocols, maintaining its antimicrobial properties even in lower concentrations. The antimicrobial efficacy in apical third depends on the proximity of the needles to the apical terminus of the root canal, therefore maintaining needle more coronal than working length to reduce the risk of inadvertent apical extrusion could determine a possible persistence of bacterial strains.
The combination with TEO could allow to reduce the concentrations of NaOCl, with the possibility for clinicians to increase safety in irrigation protocols for inadvertent extrusion of NaOCl towards the periapical tissues. Furthermore, the TEO irrigant could be used with greater safety near the apical terminus of the root canal for its better biocompatibility compared to NaOCl.
Whether the results of in vitro experiments can be applied in clinical practice remains to be investigated. There is evidence that in vitro tests adequately measure cytotoxicity and therefore can reasonably be used as a screening tool to evaluate the biocompatibility of test materials [67,68,69].
Further studies, in vivo and in vitro, are therefore necessary to better investigate the potential of TEO as an irrigant, such as determining the interaction with inorganic debris, the penetration into the dentinal tubules, the effectiveness with different irrigation methods and the healing of the apical periodontitis.

Author Contributions

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.G. and A.B. (Alessio Buonavoglia); methodology, M.G., L.D.B., L.C. and A.B. (Angelica Bianco); software, F.P. and A.H.O.; validation, A.P. (An-namaria Pratelli), and P.C.; formal analysis, F.P., A.B. (Alessio Buonavoglia), and A.H.O.; inves-tigation, M.G. and F.P.; resources, A.P. (Antonio Parisi); data curation, F.P. and A.I.; writ-ing—original draft preparation, M.G.; writ-ing—review and editing, A.P., F.P. and A.B. (Alessio Buonavoglia); visualization, A.P. (Antonio Parisi) and P.C.; supervision, A.P. (Annamaria Pratelli), M.G. and P.C.; project administration, A.P. (Annamaria Pratelli) and A.B. (Alessio Buonavoglia). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Preprints 89300 g001
Figure 1. - TEO antibacterial activity evaluated after 1min, 3min and 5min of contact with two ATCC bacterial strains. TEO was employed at a concentration of 9.28mg/mL (w/v), corresponding to a 1:100 dilution (v/v), and the bacteria inoculum concentration was 109CFU/mL and 107CFU/mL for S. aureus and S. mutans, respectively. Bacterial growth was evaluated after 24h and 48h of incubation.
Figure 1. - TEO antibacterial activity evaluated after 1min, 3min and 5min of contact with two ATCC bacterial strains. TEO was employed at a concentration of 9.28mg/mL (w/v), corresponding to a 1:100 dilution (v/v), and the bacteria inoculum concentration was 109CFU/mL and 107CFU/mL for S. aureus and S. mutans, respectively. Bacterial growth was evaluated after 24h and 48h of incubation.
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Figure 2. - NaOCl antibacterial activity evaluated after 1min, 3min and 5min of con-tact with ATCC bacterial strains. NaOCl was employed at a concentration of 1%, 3% and 6%, and the bacteria inoculum concentration was 109CFU/mL and 107CFU/mL for S. aureus and S. mutans, respectively, in each mixture. Bacterial growth was evaluated after 24h and 48h of incubation.
Figure 2. - NaOCl antibacterial activity evaluated after 1min, 3min and 5min of con-tact with ATCC bacterial strains. NaOCl was employed at a concentration of 1%, 3% and 6%, and the bacteria inoculum concentration was 109CFU/mL and 107CFU/mL for S. aureus and S. mutans, respectively, in each mixture. Bacterial growth was evaluated after 24h and 48h of incubation.
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Figure 3. - Antibacterial activity of TEO and NaOCl used in association against ATCC bacterial strains. TEO diluted 1:100 (v/v) associated with 1% NaOCl were tested with S. aureus (109CFU/mL) and S. mutans (107CFU/mL) at 1min, 3min and 5min of contact at RT. Bacterial growth was evaluated after 24h and 48h of incubation.
Figure 3. - Antibacterial activity of TEO and NaOCl used in association against ATCC bacterial strains. TEO diluted 1:100 (v/v) associated with 1% NaOCl were tested with S. aureus (109CFU/mL) and S. mutans (107CFU/mL) at 1min, 3min and 5min of contact at RT. Bacterial growth was evaluated after 24h and 48h of incubation.
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Figure 4. - Antibacterial activity of TEO and NaOCl in the presence of 6% erythro-cytes against ATCC bacterial strains. TEO diluted 1:100 (v/v) and associated with 1% NaOCl was tested with S. aureus (109CFU/mL) and S. mutans (107CFU/mL) in the presence of 6% erythrocytes at 1min, 3min and 5min of contact at RT. Bacterial growth was evalu-ated after 24h and 48h of incubation.
Figure 4. - Antibacterial activity of TEO and NaOCl in the presence of 6% erythro-cytes against ATCC bacterial strains. TEO diluted 1:100 (v/v) and associated with 1% NaOCl was tested with S. aureus (109CFU/mL) and S. mutans (107CFU/mL) in the presence of 6% erythrocytes at 1min, 3min and 5min of contact at RT. Bacterial growth was evalu-ated after 24h and 48h of incubation.
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