1. Introduction
Tomato (
Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most extensively used and cultivated vegetables in the globe. The nutritional importance of tomato can be largely explained by its content of various health-promoting compounds, including vitamins, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds [
1]. These bioactive compounds have a wide range of physiological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic, antimicrobial, vasodilatory, antithrombotic, cardio-protective, and antioxidant effects [
2]. Tomatoes are also rich in carotenoids, representing the main source of lycopene in the human diet [
3]. Tomatoes also have the naturally occurring antioxidants vitamin C and E [
4] as well as large amounts of metabolites, such as sucrose, hexoses, citrate, malate and ascorbic acid [
1]. But the recent phenomenon of global warming across the world has posed severe challenges to vegetable production including tomato. Among others, the challenges include increase in air temperature (AT), fluctuation in atmospheric humidity (RH) and intensity of solar radiation [
5]. In Bangladesh, winter occurs for a short period being no longer than three months and temperature rise drastically in the post winter months with a variation between high and low pick for more than 15 ºC that experienced in the recent years [
6]. These extremities in temperature and humidity phenomena sometimes becomes severe at the late winter and pre-summer period for successful cultivation of tomato. The optimal growth temperature for tomato growth is 18.3 to 32.2 °C, and the relative humidity is 50% to 70% [
7], however above 35 °C the growth is slow, and at 40 °C the plants stop growing [
8]. Excessive temperature rise causes poor pollination and reduces fruit setting [
9], plant dwarfing, senescence [
10] and quality deterioration [
11].
About 251.69 million tons of tomato has been produced from 6.16 million hectares of land across the globe [
12] with the gross annual production of 4.16 lakh tons from an area of 28.53 thousand hectares in Bangladesh [
13]. Although, dietary shortage of vegetables is still evident in the country. Again, to meet the daily vegetable requirement of 235 g person
-1 day
-1 the growers are encouraged to increase the total production but the only thing farmers are used to practice for increasing the yield and production is the excessive and indiscriminate use of inorganic fertilizers neglecting the recommended guidelines [
14]; thereby rendering the soil health in danger for future production. Such overuse of inorganic fertilizers has caused soil, air, and water pollutions through nutrient leaching, destruction of soil physical characteristics, accumulation of toxic chemicals in water bodies, and so on [
15], as well as causing severe environmental problems and loss of biodiversity [
16]. The continuous and steady application of inorganic fertilizers leads plant tissues to frequently absorb and accumulate heavy metals, which consequently decreases the nutritional and grain quality of crops too [
17,
18]. Therefore, reduction of using agrochemicals especially the use of chemicals fertilizer is very much urgent in the country as any means not only to improve the soil health but also to get quality vegetable product.
Again, plants use several physiological adaptive mechanisms such as hormonal changes, cellular or molecular adaptive mechanisms to survive environmental implications [
19]. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) perform a significant role in plant developmental process and thus modulate plant replies to abiotic stresses along with normal growth and developmental processes. PGRs have been implicated in efficient utilization of nutrients and translocation of photo-assimilates [
20]. Exogenous PGRs can help to manage balance of phytohormones and thereby they trigger the plants’ tolerance to different stress. More specific responses include alteration of C partitioning, greater root: shoot ratios, enhanced photosynthesis, altered nutrient uptake, improved water status and altered crop canopy [
21]. In recent years, exogenous plant growth regulator (PGR) treatment has been used to effectively improve crop drought and heat tolerance and preserve yield under salinity and drought stress [
22]. Thus, plant hormones are the key regulators of plant growth and developmental processes as well as crucial for biotic and abiotic stress response throughout their life cycle [
23]. However, the comprehensive study on the PGRs application in response to the fertilization minimization for crop cultivation are still scare. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that application of certain PGRs like auxin, gibberellic acid (GA
3) and others might ascertain excellent tomato production under adverse environmental conditions with low chemical fertilizer requirements. Considering these, the present research was designed to assess the responses of tomato plants to varied levels of fertilizers from 20 % less to 10 % excess than recommendation after the foliar application of plant growth regulators.
3. Discussion
Light, temperature and humidity are the major environmental factors influencing the plant physiological functions [
24,
25], photosynthesis and hormonal balance [
26] and key active processes in plants life [
27,
28] including the transition from one development stage to the next [
29,
30,
31] . Besides environmental issues, edaphic elements also have remarkable influence on plant growth and development [
32] as soil nutrient availability is one of the absolute needs of plants [
33,
34]. But imbalances or deviations of these prime requirements from the optimum levels create stresses causing disruption in the physiological functioning, break down the hormonal balance and ultimately assert negative impact on crop yield and produce quality [
35,
36,
37].
In the present research, tomato var.
BARI Tomato-14, a regular winter crop [
38], has been grown in the late winter treating with different degrees of fertilization from 80 % to 110 % of recommendation [
14]. The plants were further foliarly applied with GA
3, NAA, 4-CPA and SA @ 50 ppm at the vegetative stage. It was observed that growth and yield contributing traits didn’t vary statistically with the increment of fertilizer dose from 20 % less (80 %) to 10 % extra (110 %) of the recommended dose (100 %), though numerical enhancement in growth and yield of tomato was noticed with fertilizer increase. Rather, variations were only noted from control which means that fertilized plants performed better than non-fertilized plants but fertilizer increment or reduction to a certain level didn’t influence the plant responses statistically. On the other hand, the four types of PGRs exhibited notable statistical variations in morphological and reproductive responses of tomato under studied condition. Researchers addressed that nutrient application has significant positive impact on growth, reproduction and yield of tomato and other related crops of similar growth habit [
39,
40,
55,
56,
57] which are in resemblance with the present findings in terms of control versus fertilized plants and inconsistent in terms of the effect of the varied fertilizer doses. In the present observation, fluctuating as well as unstable temperature and humidity conditions during the late winter might have obstacle the efficient nutrient uptake by the tomato plants to response differently against varied levels of fertilization because plant performs negatively to any sorts of stresses. In addition, Kim et al. [
41] and Loudari et al. [
42] investigated that physiological functions, stomatal opening and hormonal regulations all get disrupted in imbalance weather conditions which restrict the nutrient uptake, plant growth and development as noted here with tomato.
Again, among the five PGR treatments including control, gibberellic acid (GA
3) exhibited excellent vegetative and reproductive flourishment and salicylic acid (SA) had statistical resemblances with GA
3 in most cases. Tomato plants under these two treatments had statistically maximum height, internode length, branching, leaves, canopy cover, fresh and dry biomass as well as flowers, fruits and finally tomato yield. Reversely, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (4-CPA) treated plants showed retarded growth and development giving the ultimate lowest fruit yield. Plants receiving no PGR had mid-range responses. Tomato is a thermo-sensitive crop and plants are very much susceptible to changes in temperature, humidity and light and respond meticulously against stresses [
36,
43]. Again, plants’ responses to PGRs, especially when applied as spray, depend on environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, wind speed and light intensity [
44]. Following foliar application of GA
3 and SA, the growth characteristics of tomato plants were improved because these two PGRs had various effects on promoting cell division, cell enlargement/expansion, tissue differentiation, organ creation, vascular development, nutrient absorption, photosynthesis and biomass accumulation [
36,
45,
46,
47]. Again, GA
3 and SA’s influence on stimulating the vegetative and reproductive behaviors of tomato under differential temperature and humidity conditions might be due to their ability to promote plants defense mechanisms against stresses [
48]. Ogugua et al. [
48] and Singh et al. [
49] noted that GA
3, among different exogenous plant growth regulators, exhibited significant positive impact on superior growth and yield in tomato. In addition, Guo et al. [
36] and Ali et al. [
50] examined GA
3 success in fluctuating summer temperature stress mitigation in tomato. GA
3 is important for tomato production to boost yield and improve fruit quality under unfavorable climatic conditions of high temperature [
51]. Besides, salicylic acid (SA) is one of the multifunctional hormones whose supplemental use in plants regulate physiological, biochemical, and photosynthetic pigments and molecular mechanisms in response to stressful conditions [
52] and this ability of SA stimulate the tomato growth and yield in the present research under unstable temperature and humidity regimes. Endogenous hormone levels in plants, especially auxins, are also degraded with day-night temperature fluctuation and humidity alteration [
43]. In the present investigation, shorter plant growth and subsequent lower yield in tomato under NAA and 4-CPA might be due to the environmental unrest that restrict tomato plants to response positively upon applications. Reduce plant height, branching, canopy led to the lower number of flowers and fruits in plants which ultimately inferior fruit yield with NAA and 4-CPA treatment though flourishing results are available with NAA and 4-CPA application [
50,
53]. Again, flowering as well as fruit setting in tomato and other crops was promoted by GA
3 at low concentration [
54] as found in the present investigation too. Further, profound vegetative flourishment with higher number of branches and leaves as well as higher plant biomass in GA
3 and SA treated plants accelerated the nutrient uptake from soil by plants [
58]. Additionally, high fresh biomass and better canopy dimensions accounted for enhanced rate of photosynthesis and the latter process of accumulation and translocation of photosynthates to the sink resulting in the significant quantity of fruits having better quality in tomato during the late winter. Regulation in photosynthesis and source-sink translocation due to plant growth regulator application also noted in several studies [
47,
59]. Consequently, PGRs application could suppress the fertilizer efficiency in the adverse situation and our correlation and PCA findings also substantiate these phenomena. Therefore, the use of GA
3 and SA among studied PGRs revealed effective to minimize the fertilization up to 20% for enhancing the morphological and reproductive traits of tomato.
Figure 1.
Temperature (A) and relative humidity (B) status of the experimental site during the growing period of tomato (December 01, 2022 to April 30, 2023). Here, T. Max. and T. Min. indicate maximum and minimum temperature, respectively and RH Max. and RH Min. represent maximum and minimum relative humidity, respectively.
Figure 1.
Temperature (A) and relative humidity (B) status of the experimental site during the growing period of tomato (December 01, 2022 to April 30, 2023). Here, T. Max. and T. Min. indicate maximum and minimum temperature, respectively and RH Max. and RH Min. represent maximum and minimum relative humidity, respectively.
Figure 2.
Plant height of tomato at different days after transplanting as influenced by the application of fertilizers (A) and plant growth regulators (B). Vertical bars on the top of the columns represent the standard errors of means of three replicates. Different letters indicate the statistical differences among the treatments at p≤0.05. Here, N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 represent control (no fertilizer), 100, 110, 90 and 80 % of FRG’2018, respectively and P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 indicate control (no PGR), GA3, NAA, 4-CPA and SA at 50 ppm, respectively.
Figure 2.
Plant height of tomato at different days after transplanting as influenced by the application of fertilizers (A) and plant growth regulators (B). Vertical bars on the top of the columns represent the standard errors of means of three replicates. Different letters indicate the statistical differences among the treatments at p≤0.05. Here, N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 represent control (no fertilizer), 100, 110, 90 and 80 % of FRG’2018, respectively and P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 indicate control (no PGR), GA3, NAA, 4-CPA and SA at 50 ppm, respectively.
Figure 3.
Base diameter of tomato at different days after transplanting as influenced by the application of fertilizers (A) and plant growth regulators (B). Vertical bars on the top of the columns represent the standard errors of means of three replicates. Different letters indicate the statistical differences among the treatments at p≤0.05. Here, N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 represent control (no fertilizer), 100, 110, 90 and 80 % of FRG’2018, respectively and P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 indicate control (no PGR), GA3, NAA, 4-CPA and SA at 50 ppm, respectively.
Figure 3.
Base diameter of tomato at different days after transplanting as influenced by the application of fertilizers (A) and plant growth regulators (B). Vertical bars on the top of the columns represent the standard errors of means of three replicates. Different letters indicate the statistical differences among the treatments at p≤0.05. Here, N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 represent control (no fertilizer), 100, 110, 90 and 80 % of FRG’2018, respectively and P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 indicate control (no PGR), GA3, NAA, 4-CPA and SA at 50 ppm, respectively.
Figure 4.
Number of branches plant-1 of tomato at different days after transplanting as influenced by the application of fertilizers (A) and plant growth regulators (B). Vertical bars on the top of the columns represent the standard errors of means of three replicates. Different letters indicate the statistical differences among the treatments at p≤0.05. Here, N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 represent control (no fertilizer), 100, 110, 90 and 80 % of FRG’2018, respectively and P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 indicate control (no PGR), GA3, NAA, 4-CPA and SA at 50 ppm, respectively.
Figure 4.
Number of branches plant-1 of tomato at different days after transplanting as influenced by the application of fertilizers (A) and plant growth regulators (B). Vertical bars on the top of the columns represent the standard errors of means of three replicates. Different letters indicate the statistical differences among the treatments at p≤0.05. Here, N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 represent control (no fertilizer), 100, 110, 90 and 80 % of FRG’2018, respectively and P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 indicate control (no PGR), GA3, NAA, 4-CPA and SA at 50 ppm, respectively.
Figure 5.
Number of leaves plant-1 of tomato at different days after transplanting as influenced by the application of fertilizers (A) and plant growth regulators (B). Vertical bars on the top of the columns represent the standard errors of means of three replicates. Different letters indicate the statistical differences among the treatments at p≤0.05. Here, N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 represent control (no fertilizer), 100, 110, 90 and 80 % of FRG’2018, respectively and P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 indicate control (no PGR), GA3, NAA, 4-CPA and SA at 50 ppm, respectively.
Figure 5.
Number of leaves plant-1 of tomato at different days after transplanting as influenced by the application of fertilizers (A) and plant growth regulators (B). Vertical bars on the top of the columns represent the standard errors of means of three replicates. Different letters indicate the statistical differences among the treatments at p≤0.05. Here, N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 represent control (no fertilizer), 100, 110, 90 and 80 % of FRG’2018, respectively and P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 indicate control (no PGR), GA3, NAA, 4-CPA and SA at 50 ppm, respectively.
Figure 6.
Canopy spread plant-1 of tomato at different days after transplanting as influenced by the application of fertilizers (A) and plant growth regulators (B). Vertical bars on the top of the columns represent the standard errors of means of three replicates. Different letters indicate the statistical differences among the treatments at p≤0.05. Here, N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 represent control (no fertilizer), 100, 110, 90 and 80 % of FRG’2018, respectively and P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 indicate control (no PGR), GA3, NAA, 4-CPA and SA at 50 ppm, respectively.
Figure 6.
Canopy spread plant-1 of tomato at different days after transplanting as influenced by the application of fertilizers (A) and plant growth regulators (B). Vertical bars on the top of the columns represent the standard errors of means of three replicates. Different letters indicate the statistical differences among the treatments at p≤0.05. Here, N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 represent control (no fertilizer), 100, 110, 90 and 80 % of FRG’2018, respectively and P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 indicate control (no PGR), GA3, NAA, 4-CPA and SA at 50 ppm, respectively.
Figure 7.
Correlation matrix of growth and yield related 29 variables of tomato. [PH, BD, BN, LN and CS represent plant height, base diameter, number of branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1 and canopy spread plant-1, respectively and the adjacent digits 1, 2 and 3 indicate 20, 45 and 75 DAT, respectively; LLF, ITD, LFA and SPD allude number of leaflets leaf-1, internode length, single leaf area and leaf SPAD value, respectively; SFW, SDW, RFW and RDW indicate shoot and root fresh and dry weight, respectively; DFL, FCN, FLC, FTC, FWT and FYP represent days required to flowering, number of flower clusters plant-1, number of flowers cluster-1, number of fruits cluster-1, individual fruit weight and fruit yield plant-1, respectively].
Figure 7.
Correlation matrix of growth and yield related 29 variables of tomato. [PH, BD, BN, LN and CS represent plant height, base diameter, number of branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1 and canopy spread plant-1, respectively and the adjacent digits 1, 2 and 3 indicate 20, 45 and 75 DAT, respectively; LLF, ITD, LFA and SPD allude number of leaflets leaf-1, internode length, single leaf area and leaf SPAD value, respectively; SFW, SDW, RFW and RDW indicate shoot and root fresh and dry weight, respectively; DFL, FCN, FLC, FTC, FWT and FYP represent days required to flowering, number of flower clusters plant-1, number of flowers cluster-1, number of fruits cluster-1, individual fruit weight and fruit yield plant-1, respectively].
Figure 8.
Principal component analysis (PCA) (A) and factor loadings for the first two principal components (Dim 1 and Dim 2) (B) of growth and yield attributes of tomato. [PH, BD, BN, LN and CS represent plant height, base diameter, number of branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1 and canopy spread plant-1, respectively and the adjacent digits 1, 2 and 3 indicate 20, 45 and 75 DAT, respectively; LLF, ITD, LFA and SPD allude number of leaflets leaf-1, internode length, single leaf area and leaf SPAD value, respectively; SFW, SDW, RFW and RDW indicate shoot and root fresh and dry weight, respectively; DFL, FCN, FLC, FTC, FWT and FYP represent days required to flowering, number of flower clusters plant-1, number of flowers cluster-1, number of fruits cluster-1, individual fruit weight and fruit yield plant-1, respectively].
Figure 8.
Principal component analysis (PCA) (A) and factor loadings for the first two principal components (Dim 1 and Dim 2) (B) of growth and yield attributes of tomato. [PH, BD, BN, LN and CS represent plant height, base diameter, number of branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1 and canopy spread plant-1, respectively and the adjacent digits 1, 2 and 3 indicate 20, 45 and 75 DAT, respectively; LLF, ITD, LFA and SPD allude number of leaflets leaf-1, internode length, single leaf area and leaf SPAD value, respectively; SFW, SDW, RFW and RDW indicate shoot and root fresh and dry weight, respectively; DFL, FCN, FLC, FTC, FWT and FYP represent days required to flowering, number of flower clusters plant-1, number of flowers cluster-1, number of fruits cluster-1, individual fruit weight and fruit yield plant-1, respectively].
Figure 9.
PCA-Biplot of the Nutrients and PGRs treatment [PH, BD, BN, LN and CS represent plant height, base diameter, number of branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1 and canopy spread plant-1, respectively and the adjacent digits 1, 2 and 3 indicate 20, 45 and 75 DAT, respectively; LLF, ITD, LFA and SPD allude number of leaflets leaf-1, internode length, single leaf area and leaf SPAD value, respectively; SFW, SDW, RFW and RDW indicate shoot and root fresh and dry weight, respectively; DFL, FCN, FLC, FTC, FWT and FYP represent days required to flowering, number of flower clusters plant-1, number of flowers cluster-1, number of fruits cluster-1, individual fruit weight and fruit yield plant-1, respectively].
Figure 9.
PCA-Biplot of the Nutrients and PGRs treatment [PH, BD, BN, LN and CS represent plant height, base diameter, number of branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1 and canopy spread plant-1, respectively and the adjacent digits 1, 2 and 3 indicate 20, 45 and 75 DAT, respectively; LLF, ITD, LFA and SPD allude number of leaflets leaf-1, internode length, single leaf area and leaf SPAD value, respectively; SFW, SDW, RFW and RDW indicate shoot and root fresh and dry weight, respectively; DFL, FCN, FLC, FTC, FWT and FYP represent days required to flowering, number of flower clusters plant-1, number of flowers cluster-1, number of fruits cluster-1, individual fruit weight and fruit yield plant-1, respectively].
Table 1.
Interaction effect of fertilizer and PGR on plant height, base diameter and branch number of tomato at different days after transplanting (DAT).
Table 1.
Interaction effect of fertilizer and PGR on plant height, base diameter and branch number of tomato at different days after transplanting (DAT).
Treatment combination |
Plant height at different DAT |
Base diameter at different DAT |
Branch number at different DAT |
20 |
45 |
75 |
20 |
45 |
75 |
20 |
45 |
75 |
N1
|
P1
|
19.60 ± 1.39 |
39.10 ± 1.55de |
61.97 ± 2.48e |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.47 ± 0.12d-f |
2.13 ± 0.05fg |
1.30 ± 0.00 |
3.00 ± 0.17c-g |
4.00 ± 0.17ef |
P2
|
18.53 ± 1.36 |
45.73 ± 1.86bc |
80.97 ± 3.06b-d |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.73 ± 0.09a-c |
2.43 ± 0.01d-f |
1.43 ± 0.13 |
3.87 ± 0.30a-c |
5.23 ± 0.29a-d |
P3
|
18.07 ± 1.45 |
31.57 ± 1.07fg |
47.90 ± 3.85f |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.33 ± 0.09ef |
1.90 ± 0.06g |
1.30 ± 0.00 |
2.57 ± 0.30g |
3.67 ± 0.20ef |
P4
|
18.23 ± 0.93 |
29.97 ± 0.95g |
46.57 ± 3.45f |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.30 ± 0.06ef |
1.83 ± 0.09g |
1.57 ± 0.13 |
2.33 ± 0.20g |
3.67 ± 0.38ef |
P5
|
18.40 ± 1.47 |
45.87 ± 1.87a-c |
79.67 ± 2.95cd |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.70 ± 0.12a-d |
2.37 ± 0.15ef |
1.57 ± 0.13 |
3.53 ± 0.39a-f |
5.13 ± 0.30a-d |
N2
|
P1
|
18.47 ± 1.84 |
43.80 ± 1.94cd |
72.00 ± 3.53d |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.53 ± 0.09b-e |
2.43 ± 0.09d-f |
1.43 ± 0.13 |
3.57 ± 0.70a-f |
4.57 ± 0.47c-e |
P2
|
18.40 ± 1.24 |
50.13 ± 1.64ab |
89.93 ± 3.58ab |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.77 ± 0.09ab |
2.77 ± 0.02a-c |
1.43 ± 0.13 |
3.67 ± 0.20a-e |
5.87 ± 0.30ab |
P3
|
19.47 ± 0.65 |
35.17 ± 1.23ef |
48.43 ± 2.69f |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.30 ± 0.06ef |
2.00 ± 0.12g |
1.33 ± 0.03 |
2.57 ± 0.30g |
3.47 ± 0.39f |
P4
|
19.53 ± 0.71 |
33.03 ± 1.26fg |
47.33 ± 3.44f |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.33 ± 0.09ef |
1.97 ± 0.09g |
1.30 ± 0.00 |
2.77 ± 0.23e-g |
3.43 ± 0.43f |
P5
|
18.97 ± 1.74 |
48.17 ± 2.73a-c |
89.20 ± 3.52ab |
0.60 ± 0.06 |
1.77 ± 0.09ab |
2.70 ± 0.12a-d |
1.57 ± 0.13 |
4.00 ± 0.40ab |
5.67 ± 0.49ab |
N3
|
P1
|
20.67 ± 0.73 |
45.83 ± 2.00bc |
76.83 ± 3.09d |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.60 ± 0.06a-d |
2.50 ± 0.01b-e |
1.57 ± 0.01 |
4.00 ± 0.17ab |
5.67 ± 0.20ab |
P2
|
20.10 ± 0.87 |
50.33 ± 2.07ab |
90.63 ± 2.95a |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.77 ± 0.09ab |
2.80 ± 0.12ab |
1.57 ± 0.13 |
4.00 ± 0.40ab |
6.13 ± 0.43a |
P3
|
19.30 ± 1.10 |
34.10 ± 1.49fg |
47.63 ± 3.06f |
0.53 ± 0.03 |
1.27 ± 0.09f |
1.97 ± 0.09g |
1.30 ± 0.00 |
2.87 ± 0.30d-g |
3.67 ± 0.33ef |
P4
|
19.10 ± 0.60 |
31.00 ± 1.59fg |
46.13 ± 3.23f |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.27 ± 0.09f |
1.90 ± 0.06g |
1.43 ± 0.13 |
2.67 ± 0.20fg |
3.57 ± 0.13ef |
P5
|
19.60 ± 0.78 |
49.97 ± 2.08ab |
88.77 ± 2.87a-c |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.77 ± 0.12ab |
2.77 ± 0.15a-c |
1.43 ± 0.13 |
3.87 ± 0.30a-c |
5.47 ± 0.23a-c |
N4
|
P1
|
19.10 ± 0.59 |
45.73 ± 1.41bc |
73.23 ± 4.04d |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.50 ± 0.06c-f |
2.47 ± 0.09c-e |
1.43 ± 0.13 |
3.23 ± 0.23b-g |
4.57 ± 0.30c-e |
P2
|
20.37 ± 0.96 |
49.67 ± 2.41ab |
89.20 ± 3.44ab |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.80 ± 0.12a |
2.77 ± 0.15a-c |
1.40 ± 0.10 |
3.77 ± 0.23a-d |
5.90 ± 0.20ab |
P3
|
19.53 ± 0.61 |
32.83 ± 1.60fg |
47.30 ± 2.70f |
0.60 ± 0.00 |
1.27 ± 0.09f |
1.93 ± 0.15g |
1.43 ± 0.13 |
3.00 ± 0.17c-g |
3.87 ± 0.30ef |
P4
|
20.07 ± 1.11 |
31.93 ± 1.31fg |
47.60 ± 2.80f |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.27 ± 0.09f |
1.93 ± 0.12g |
1.33 ± 0.03 |
3.00 ± 0.17c-g |
4.00 ± 0.40ef |
P5
|
17.90 ± 0.92 |
50.33 ± 2.59ab |
86.83 ± 3.56a-c |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.77 ± 0.09ab |
2.77 ± 0.09a-c |
1.43 ± 0.13 |
3.67 ± 0.33a-e |
5.10 ± 0.10b-d |
N5
|
P1
|
19.63 ± 0.75 |
44.17 ± 1.33c |
71.97 ± 3.85d |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.50 ± 0.06c-f |
2.43 ± 0.09d-f |
1.43 ± 0.13 |
3.20 ± 0.49b-g |
4.43 ± 0.59d-f |
P2
|
17.53 ± 0.58 |
49.53 ± 1.85ab |
88.77 ± 3.12a-c |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.77 ± 0.09ab |
2.83 ± 0.09a |
1.43 ± 0.13 |
4.23 ± 0.23a |
6.10 ± 0.49ab |
P3
|
19.07 ± 0.83 |
32.70 ± 1.39fg |
47.10 ± 2.51f |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.30 ± 0.06ef |
1.93 ± 0.09g |
1.30 ± 0.00 |
2.77 ± 0.23e-g |
3.67 ± 0.20ef |
P4
|
19.60 ± 1.25 |
30.80 ± 0.76fg |
46.27 ± 2.95f |
0.53 ± 0.03 |
1.33 ± 0.09ef |
1.93 ± 0.09g |
1.43 ± 0.13 |
2.77 ± 0.23e-g |
3.67 ± 0.33ef |
P5
|
19.60 ± 0.78 |
50.70 ± 1.77a |
88.57 ± 3.08a-c |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
1.73 ± 0.12a-c |
2.77 ± 0.12a-c |
1.37 ± 0.07 |
3.90 ± 0.49a-c |
5.43 ± 0.59a-d |
LS |
ns |
* |
* |
ns |
* |
* |
ns |
* |
* |
Table 2.
Fertilizer and PGR interactions influencing the number of leaves and canopy spread plant-1 of tomato at different days after transplanting (DAT).
Table 2.
Fertilizer and PGR interactions influencing the number of leaves and canopy spread plant-1 of tomato at different days after transplanting (DAT).
Treatment combination |
Number of leaves plant-1 at different DAT |
Canopy spread plant-1 at different DAT |
20 |
45 |
75 |
20 |
45 |
75 |
N1
|
P1
|
6.20 ± 0.49 |
17.57 ± 0.87cd |
25.20 ± 1.65de |
21.30 ± 1.47 |
41.77 ± 2.72d-f |
52.60 ± 2.63ef |
P2
|
6.00 ± 0.40 |
25.47 ± 1.18ab |
45.00 ± 1.65ab |
20.23 ± 1.44 |
52.20 ± 2.86ab |
64.40 ± 3.41a-c |
P3
|
6.43 ± 0.57 |
16.00 ± 0.68d |
23.33 ± 1.82de |
19.77 ± 1.52 |
38.33 ± 2.69ef |
45.90 ± 2.72fg |
P4
|
5.57 ± 0.30 |
14.67 ± 0.52d |
21.00 ± 2.48e |
19.93 ± 1.03 |
36.42 ± 2.317f |
41.43 ± 2.66g |
P5
|
6.00 ± 0.17 |
25.20 ± 1.16b |
42.67 ± 2.03b |
20.10 ± 1.56 |
51.67 ± 2.78a-c |
62.63 ± 2.02b-d |
N2
|
P1
|
5.90 ± 0.20 |
17.67 ± 1.36cd |
27.67 ± 2.20cd |
20.17 ± 1.91 |
43.43 ± 3.19d-f |
56.03 ± 2.74de |
P2
|
6.10 ± 0.42 |
29.00 ± 1.82a |
49.00 ± 3.06a |
20.10 ± 1.16 |
55.03 ± 2.24ab |
71.27 ± 3.12a |
P3
|
6.33 ± 0.20 |
17.33 ± 1.05cd |
26.00 ± 1.91de |
21.17 ± 0.68 |
42.80 ± 2.15d-f |
47.77 ± 2.06fg |
P4
|
5.80 ± 0.10 |
17.87 ± 1.44cd |
28.33 ± 2.05cd |
21.23 ± 0.69 |
43.30 ± 1.68d-f |
47.17 ± 1.97fg |
P5
|
6.33 ± 0.52 |
25.67 ± 1.93ab |
42.33 ± 2.73b |
20.77 ± 1.91 |
52.73 ± 3.00ab |
67.00 ± 2.69ab |
N3
|
P1
|
5.67 ± 0.52 |
20.53 ± 1.18c |
33.00 ± 2.40c |
22.37 ± 0.77 |
48.70 ± 2.92b-d |
59.97 ± 2.96cd |
P2
|
6.00 ± 0.40 |
28.63 ± 2.03ab |
47.67 ± 2.51ab |
21.80 ± 0.79 |
57.13 ± 3.08a |
71.10 ± 3.10a |
P3
|
5.67 ± 0.20 |
18.00 ± 1.25cd |
28.33 ± 2.33cd |
20.90 ± 1.17 |
43.20 ± 2.16d-f |
47.30 ± 1.80fg |
P4
|
5.10 ± 0.10 |
17.33 ± 1.25cd |
27.20 ± 1.73cd |
20.80 ± 0.66 |
42.13 ± 2.38d-f |
44.33 ± 2.41g |
P5
|
5.43 ± 0.30 |
27.30 ± 1.15ab |
46.00 ± 2.40ab |
21.30 ± 0.87 |
55.20 ± 2.76ab |
69.77 ± 2.80a |
N4
|
P1
|
6.00 ± 0.40 |
17.63 ± 1.45cd |
27.67 ± 2.19cd |
20.80 ± 0.50 |
44.13 ± 3.09de |
57.17 ± 2.60de |
P2
|
6.33 ± 0.52 |
27.67 ± 1.53ab |
46.33 ± 3.18ab |
22.07 ± 0.97 |
56.33 ± 2.38a |
69.97 ± 2.84a |
P3
|
6.33 ± 0.20 |
16.33 ± 0.88d |
26.67 ± 0.67de |
21.33 ± 0.61 |
41.67 ± 2.01d-f |
44.97 ± 1.86g |
P4
|
6.00 ± 0.40 |
16.33 ± 0.69d |
26.33 ± 1.20de |
21.77 ± 1.19 |
42.20 ± 2.27d-f |
44.20 ± 2.49g |
P5
|
6.10 ± 0.61 |
25.67 ± 1.05ab |
43.67 ± 1.93ab |
19.60 ± 1.01 |
51.87 ± 2.40ab |
68.73 ± 2.34ab |
N5
|
P1
|
5.43 ± 0.30 |
17.67 ± 1.05cd |
27.00 ± 1.15c-e |
21.33 ± 0.84 |
44.60 ± 2.34c-e |
56.17 ± 2.73de |
P2
|
5.47 ± 0.39 |
27.67 ± 1.63ab |
47.67 ± 2.33ab |
19.23 ± 0.50 |
54.37 ± 2.66ab |
69.70 ± 2.44a |
P3
|
5.33 ± 0.33 |
15.67 ± 0.69d |
26.33 ± 1.45de |
20.77 ± 0.90 |
40.60 ± 2.02ef |
44.43 ± 2.14g |
P4
|
6.63 ± 0.69 |
16.00 ± 1.15d |
26.00 ± 1.53de |
21.20 ± 1.35 |
41.40 ± 2.09ef |
43.30 ± 1.78g |
P5
|
6.23 ± 0.39 |
26.33 ± 1.33ab |
42.67 ± 1.45b |
21.30 ± 0.87 |
54.23 ± 1.85ab |
69.43 ± 2.27ab |
Level of significance |
ns |
* |
* |
ns |
* |
* |
Table 3.
Number of leaflets leaf-1, internode length, leaf area, leaf SPAD value and fresh and dry weight of shoot and root of tomato as influenced by the application of fertilizers and plant growth regulators.
Table 3.
Number of leaflets leaf-1, internode length, leaf area, leaf SPAD value and fresh and dry weight of shoot and root of tomato as influenced by the application of fertilizers and plant growth regulators.
Treatment |
No. of leaflets leaf-1
|
Internode length (cm) |
Leaf area (cm2) |
Leaf SPAD value |
Shoot weight (g) |
Root weight (g) |
Fresh |
Dry |
Fresh |
Dry |
Fertilizer dose |
N1
|
7.94 ± 0.37b |
4.92 ± 0.22 |
286.33 ± 8.10b |
48.59 ± 1.21 |
265.61 ± 11.6b |
62.34 ± 2.20b |
33.84 ± 1.64b |
18.87 ± 0.50 |
N2
|
8.05 ± 0.40b |
5.08 ± 0.28 |
305.54 ± 7.07a |
50.44 ± 1.14 |
282.37 ± 10.9a |
66.17 ± 1.78a |
35.61 ± 1.46a |
19.33 ± 0.42 |
N3
|
8.31 ± 0.46ab |
5.13 ± 0.22 |
306.13 ± 13.9a |
51.34 ± 1.09 |
283.94 ± 13.8a |
67.91 ± 2.23a |
35.81 ± 1.74a |
19.16 ± 0.54 |
N4
|
8.47 ± 0.37a |
5.08 ± 0.22 |
300.33 ± 12a |
49.94 ± 0.95 |
278.38 ± 13.9a |
66.54 ± 1.91a |
35.30 ± 1.76a |
19.46 ± 0.40 |
N5
|
8.58 ± 0.46a |
5.06 ± 0.22 |
300.16 ± 12.5a |
50.21 ± 0.96 |
277.60 ± 14.5a |
65.92 ± 1.98a |
35.25 ± 1.77a |
19.00 ± 0.48 |
LS |
* |
ns |
* |
ns |
** |
* |
* |
ns |
Plant growth regulator |
P1
|
8.51 ± 0.15c |
5.06 ± 0.10c |
314.41 ± 5.99b |
49.42 ± 1.02bc |
289.98 ± 4.78b |
66.59 ± 1.34b |
37.19 ± 0.57b |
19.21 ± 0.36b |
P2
|
10.19 ± 0.13a |
6.17 ± 0.14a |
337.66 ± 5.24a |
53.08 ± 1.00a |
328.13 ± 4.46a |
73.20 ± 1.28a |
41.47 ± 0.48a |
20.77 ± 0.26a |
P3
|
6.38 ± 0.20e |
4.32 ± 0.13d |
270.77 ± 7.18c |
47.87 ± 0.83c |
229.52 ± 4.61c |
58.74 ± 0.92c |
28.65 ± 0.50c |
17.79 ± 0.29c |
P4
|
6.91 ± 0.15d |
4.20 ± 0.13d |
247.89 ± 6.47d |
48.15 ± 0.83c |
216.82 ± 3.55d |
57.86 ± 0.95c |
27.39 ± 0.42c |
17.43 ± 0.28c |
P5
|
9.36 ± 0.16b |
5.53 ± 0.12b |
327.75 ± 6.64ab |
52.01 ± 1.03ab |
323.45 ± 3.82a |
72.49 ± 1.15a |
41.10 ± 0.52a |
20.61 ± 0.29a |
LS |
** |
** |
** |
** |
** |
** |
** |
** |
CV (%) |
6.79 |
10.72 |
6.22 |
7.49 |
4.88 |
6.44 |
5.01 |
6.11 |
Table 4.
Interactive influence of fertilizer and PGR on number of leaflets leaf-1, internode length, leaf area, leaf SPAD value and fresh and dry weight of shoot and root of tomato.
Table 4.
Interactive influence of fertilizer and PGR on number of leaflets leaf-1, internode length, leaf area, leaf SPAD value and fresh and dry weight of shoot and root of tomato.
Treatment combination |
No. of leaflets leaf-1
|
Internode length (cm) |
Leaf area (cm2) |
SPAD value |
Shoot weight (g) |
Root weight (g) |
Fresh |
Dry |
Fresh |
Dry |
N1
|
P1
|
8.50 ± 0.17fg |
4.87 ± 0.42f-j |
286.40 ± 11.58g-j |
49.50 ± 2.68 |
273.89 ± 14.32g |
64.27 ± 4.29e-g |
35.66 ± 1.59f |
19.32 ± 1.06b-g |
P2
|
9.67 ± 0.07b-d |
6.00 ± 0.38a-d |
321.11 ± 9.84c-f |
51.77 ± 2.67 |
305.34 ± 7.29d-f |
68.70 ± 3.61b-e |
39.69 ± 1.17b-e |
20.49 ± 0.60a-c |
P3
|
5.93 ± 0.29k |
4.40 ± 0.26h-j |
264.40 ± 10.66jk |
45.63 ± 2.83 |
220.10 ± 5.61i-k |
56.04 ± 3.04hi |
27.45 ± 1.44h-j |
17.75 ± 1.06g-j |
P4
|
6.93 ± 0.37ij |
4.03 ± 0.09j |
248.43 ± 5.18kl |
45.17 ± 2.18 |
214.52 ± 4.67jk |
53.47 ± 2.75i |
26.49 ± 0.85ij |
16.46 ± 0.10j |
P5
|
8.67 ± 0.24e-g |
5.30 ± 0.4c-g |
311.31 ± 6.89d-h |
50.90 ± 2.40 |
314.22 ± 6.42b-e |
69.24 ± 3.92a-e |
39.90 ± 1.56b-d |
20.32 ± 0.29a-d |
N2
|
P1
|
8.47 ± 0.29fg |
5.13 ± 0.13d-h |
310.94 ± 10.6d-h |
47.50 ± 3.95 |
285.94 ± 4.94fg |
64.67 ± 3.90d-g |
36.46 ± 0.76f |
18.83 ± 0.98c-h |
P2
|
9.80 ± 0.31a-c |
6.53 ± 0.41a |
326.65 ± 6.67b-f |
53.03 ± 2.13 |
327.29 ± 8.89a-d |
73.43 ± 1.89a-c |
41.36 ± 0.98a-c |
20.79 ± 0.27ab |
P3
|
6.13j ± 0.84k |
4.23 ± 0.38ij |
282.99 ± 11.2h-j |
49.33 ± 1.20 |
239.70 ± 5.50hi |
60.43 ± 2.05f-h |
29.64 ± 0.38gh |
18.42 ± 0.57d-i |
P4
|
6.93 ± 0.18ij |
4.03 ± 0.52j |
274.43 ± 6.23i-k |
49.73 ± 1.14 |
233.68 ± 3.07h-j |
59.93 ± 0.41f-i |
29.14 ± 0.54g-i |
17.79 ± 0.06g-j |
P5
|
8.93 ± 0.18c-f |
5.47 ± 0.29b-f |
332.68 ± 9.24a-e |
52.60 ± 3.38 |
325.24 ± 1.99a-d |
72.37 ± 2.19a-c |
41.46 ± 0.30a-c |
20.81 ± 0.91ab |
N3
|
P1
|
8.87 ± 0.47d-f |
5.30 ± 0.26c-g |
342.52 ± 9.79a-c |
52.33 ± 1.74 |
310.56 ± 7.28c-e |
70.67 ± 2.99a-e |
39.52 ± 1.12c-e |
19.80 ± 1.11a-f |
P2
|
10.40 ± 0.23ab |
6.07 ± 0.35a-c |
357.33 ± 13.97a |
54.93 ± 2.58 |
343.20 ± 8.21a |
76.17 ± 3.08a |
42.82 ± 0.81a |
21.23 ± 0.86ab |
P3
|
6.47 ± 0.29jk |
4.30 ± 0.26h-j |
306.13 ± 15.85e-h |
48.37 ± 2.80 |
249.97 ± 12.71h |
60.00 ± 1.99f-i |
30.76 ± 1.05g |
17.67 ± 0.46g-j |
P4
|
6.27 ± 0.29jk |
4.27 ± 0.19h-j |
225.03 ± 27.33l |
47.77 ± 0.73 |
204.88 ± 11.86k |
58.00 ± 0.96g-i |
26.12 ± 1.36j |
16.70 ± 0.27ij |
P5
|
9.53 ± 0.35b-e |
5.73 ± 0.23a-f |
299.61 ± 12.05f-i |
53.30 ± 2.00 |
311.11 ± 10.24c-e |
74.70 ± 3.02ab |
39.84 ± 1.31b-d |
20.37 ± 0.87a-c |
N4
|
P1
|
7.87 ± 0.24gh |
5.03 ± 0.18e-i |
318.56 ± 4.79c-f |
47.93 ± 1.21 |
292.15 ± 8.49e-g |
66.60 ± 1.30c-f |
37.38 ± 1.07d-f |
19.32 ± 0.57b-g |
P2
|
10.40 ± 0.12ab |
6.23 ± 0.23ab |
344.00 ± 12.25a-c |
55.03 ± 2.41 |
333.93 ± 7.8ab |
75.80 ± 3.12a |
41.93 ± 1.01a-c |
21.49 ± 0.19a |
P3
|
6.93 ± 0.12ij |
4.43 ± 0.43g-j |
251.63 ± 8.48kl |
48.30 ± 0.81 |
220.02 ± 7.85i-k |
59.20 ± 1.31g-i |
27.84 ± 0.80h-j |
18.17 ± 0.38e-j |
P4
|
7.47 ± 0.29hi |
4.40 ± 0.47h-j |
245.97 ± 5.47kl |
49.27 ± 1.97 |
216.72 ± 5.31jk |
59.50 ± 2.42g-i |
27.51 ± 0.69h-j |
17.90 ± 0.59f-j |
P5
|
9.67 ± 0.29b-d |
5.30 ± 0.3c-g |
341.50 ± 12.24a-d |
49.17 ± 1.66 |
329.08 ± 7.23a-c |
71.60 ± 0.81a-d |
41.84 ± 1.04a-c |
20.42 ± 0.46a-c |
N5
|
P1
|
8.87 ± 0.18d-f |
4.97 ± 0.15e-i |
313.64 ± 9.31c-g |
49.83 ± 1.43 |
287.39 ± 9.56fg |
66.77 ± 2.33c-f |
36.94 ± 1.12ef |
18.79 ± 0.75c-h |
P2
|
10.67 ± 0.18a |
6.00 ± 0.29a-d |
339.22 ± 7.97a-d |
50.63 ± 1.89 |
330.91 ± 6.53a-c |
71.90 ± 1.56a-c |
41.56 ± 0.82a-c |
19.85 ± 0.59a-e |
P3
|
6.43 ± 0.52jk |
4.23 ± 0.26ij |
248.70 ± 9.74kl |
47.70 ± 1.57 |
217.82 ± 6.47i-k |
58.00 ± 2.11g-i |
27.58 ± 0.76h-j |
16.93 ± 0.63h-j |
P4
|
6.93 ± 0.35ij |
4.27 ± 0.19h-j |
245.58 ± 1.62kl |
48.80 ± 2.71 |
214.29 ± 4.74jk |
58.40 ± 1.94g-i |
27.70 ± 0.27h-j |
18.31 ± 1.04e-j |
P5
|
10.00 ± 0.12ab |
5.83 ± 0.15a-e |
353.63 ± 12.04ab |
54.10 ± 2.23 |
337.58 ± 8.55a |
74.53 ± 2.31ab |
42.46 ± 1.23ab |
21.14 ± 0.87ab |
LS |
** |
* |
** |
ns |
* |
* |
* |
* |
Table 5.
Reproductive behaviors and yield of tomato as influenced as influenced by the application fertilizers and plant growth regulators.
Table 5.
Reproductive behaviors and yield of tomato as influenced as influenced by the application fertilizers and plant growth regulators.
Treatment |
Days required to flowering |
No. of flower clusters plant-1
|
No. of flowers cluster-1
|
No. of fruits cluster-1
|
Single fruit weight (g) |
Fruit yield plant-1
|
Fertilizer dose |
N1
|
48.44 ± 1.12 |
10.93 ± 1.18b |
7.08 ± 0.29 |
4.61 ± 0.34 |
56.50 ± 2.04b |
3.32 ± 0.57b |
N2
|
48.07 ± 1.10 |
12.27 ± 1.36a |
7.37 ± 0.30 |
4.85 ± 0.26 |
61.23 ± 1.84a |
4.13 ± 0.66a |
N3
|
47.33 ± 1.24 |
12.55 ± 1.44a |
7.47 ± 0.34 |
4.91 ± 0.25 |
61.89 ± 2.02a |
4.33 ± 0.67a |
N4
|
48.28 ± 1.12 |
12.49 ± 1.40a |
7.46 ± 0.28 |
4.97 ± 0.22 |
60.04 ± 2.22a |
4.21 ± 0.67a |
N5
|
48.25 ± 1.09 |
12.35 ± 1.43a |
7.47 ± 0.27 |
5.04 ± 0.18 |
60.03 ± 2.18a |
4.13 ± 0.64a |
LS |
ns |
** |
ns |
ns |
* |
** |
Plant growth regulator |
P1
|
50.05 ± 0.78a |
15.24 ± 0.28b |
8.19 ± 0.29b |
5.19 ± 0.12b |
61.34 ± 1.03b |
4.85 ± 0.17c |
P2
|
50.68 ± 0.85a |
16.85 ± 0.30a |
8.80 ± 0.33a |
5.79 ± 0.12a |
67.83 ± 0.84a |
6.61 ± 0.17a |
P3
|
44.27 ± 0.63b |
5.98 ± c0.14 |
5.58 ± 0.23c |
3.89 ± 0.15c |
51.38 ± 0.81c |
1.20 ± 0.06d |
P4
|
44.02 ± 0.67b |
5.93 ± 0.14c |
5.71 ± 0.37c |
3.92 ± 0.17c |
51.63 ± 0.78c |
1.21 ± 0.08d |
P5
|
51.35 ± 0.78a |
16.58 ± 0.31a |
8.57 ± 0.25a |
5.59 ± 0.10a |
67.51 ± 0.93a |
6.25 ± 0.18b |
LS |
** |
** |
** |
** |
** |
** |
CV (%) |
6.21 |
5.08 |
6.67 |
9.56 |
7.21 |
10.66 |
Table 6.
Fertilizer-PGR interaction influencing the reproductive behaviors and yield of tomato var. BARI Tomato-14.
Table 6.
Fertilizer-PGR interaction influencing the reproductive behaviors and yield of tomato var. BARI Tomato-14.
Treatment combination |
Days required to flowering |
No. of flower clusters plant-1
|
No. of flowers cluster-1
|
No. of fruits cluster-1
|
Single fruit weight (g) |
Fruit yield (kg plant-1) |
N1
|
P1
|
49.00 ± 2.82a-c |
13.57 ± 0.59f |
8.27 ± 0.18ab |
5.27 ± 0.18a-c |
57.37 ± 2.35ef |
4.08 ± 0.14d |
P2
|
49.67 ± 2.53ab |
14.90 ± 0.67e |
8.77 ± 0.41a |
5.87 ± 0.33ab |
64.73 ± 1.97a-d |
5.63 ± 0.11b |
P3
|
43.00 ± 1.73d |
5.67 ± 0.20g |
4.83 ± 0.18e |
3.13 ± 0.18h |
48.33 ± 2.28g |
0.87 ± 0.11e |
P4
|
43.67 ± 1.86d |
5.67 ± 0.20g |
5.03 ± 0.52de |
3.27 ± 0.48gh |
48.90 ± 1.76g |
0.89 ± 0.09e |
P5
|
51.33 ± 2.23a |
14.87 ± 0.81e |
8.50 ± 0.17ab |
5.50 ± 0.17a-c |
63.17 ± 2.43a-e |
5.15 ± 0.29bc |
N2
|
P1
|
50.00 ± 2.08ab |
15.33 ± 0.20de |
7.87 ± 0.35b |
4.90 ± 0.38c-e |
61.50 ± 2.65c-e |
4.64 ± 0.47cd |
P2
|
50.67 ± 1.56a |
17.20 ± 0.49ab |
8.93 ± 0.26a |
5.93 ± 0.26a |
68.90 ± 3.69ab |
7.01 ± 0.38a |
P3
|
44.67 ± 1.59cd |
6.13 ± 0.30g |
5.67 ± 0.22cd |
3.77 ± 0.20f-h |
53.53 ± 0.92fg |
1.23 ± 0.06e |
P4
|
43.67 ± 1.59d |
6.10 ± 0.42g |
5.77 ± 0.47cd |
3.97 ± 0.39fg |
53.77 ± 1.55fg |
1.33 ± 0.24e |
P5
|
51.33 ± 2.03a |
16.57 ± 0.59a-c |
8.63 ± 0.19ab |
5.67 ± 0.18ab |
68.47 ± 2.77a-d |
6.43 ± 0.42a |
N3
|
P1
|
50.67 ± 1.76a |
16.10 ± 0.49b-d |
8.47 ± 0.41ab |
5.40 ± 0.35a-c |
64.30 ± 3.34a-e |
5.55 ± 0.19b |
P2
|
51.43 ± 2.5a |
17.50 ± 0.25a |
8.93 ± 0.35a |
5.80 ± 0.29ab |
68.47 ± 3.76a-d |
6.94 ± 0.47a |
P3
|
44.57 ± 1.6cd |
6.10 ± 0.49g |
5.77 ± 0.24cd |
3.97 ± 0.24fg |
53.87 ± 2.08fg |
1.29 ± 0.02e |
P4
|
44.43 ± 1.74cd |
5.90 ± 0.42g |
5.63 ± 0.35cd |
3.83 ± 0.35f-h |
53.13 ± 2.05fg |
1.23 ± 0.23e |
P5
|
51.10 ± 1.72a |
17.13 ± 0.30ab |
8.53 ± 0.35ab |
5.57 ± 0.33a-c |
69.70 ± 2.54a |
6.62 ± 0.27a |
N4
|
P1
|
50.10 ± 1.33ab |
15.67 ± 0.20c-e |
8.17 ± 0.24ab |
5.17 ± 0.24b-d |
61.40 ± 1.34de |
4.96 ± 0.11bc |
P2
|
51.30 ± 2.65a |
17.33 ± 0.20a |
8.90 ± 0.38a |
5.87 ± 0.35ab |
68.87 ± 2.35ab |
7.02 ± 0.61a |
P3
|
43.77 ± 1.13d |
6.23 ± 0.29g |
5.83 ± 0.24c |
4.17 ± 0.27ef |
50.53 ± 0.93fg |
1.32 ± 0.16e |
P4
|
44.57 ± 1.79cd |
6.00 ± 0.40g |
5.83 ± 0.26c |
4.13 ± 0.26ef |
50.83 ± 2.06fg |
1.26 ± 0.12e |
P5
|
51.67 ± 1.37a |
17.20 ± 0.49ab |
8.57 ± 0.26ab |
5.53 ± 0.23a-c |
68.57 ± 3.30a-c |
6.51 ± 0.27a |
N5
|
P1
|
50.47 ± 1.75a |
15.53 ± 0.39c-e |
8.20 ± 0.29ab |
5.20 ± 0.29a-c |
62.13 ± 2.94b-e |
5.00 ± 0.19bc |
P2
|
50.33 ± 1.37a |
17.33 ± 0.20a |
8.47 ± 0.26ab |
5.47 ± 0.26a-c |
68.17 ± 2.70a-d |
6.45 ± 0.28a |
P3
|
45.33 ± 1.7b-d |
5.77 ± 0.29g |
5.80 ± 0.23cd |
4.43 ± 0.23d-f |
50.63 ± 1.81fg |
1.29 ± 0.05e |
P4
|
43.77 ± 1.78d |
6.00 ± 0.17g |
6.27 ± 0.31c |
4.40 ± 0.31ef |
51.53 ± 1.88fg |
1.35 ± 0.06e |
P5
|
51.33 ± 2.68a |
17.13 ± 0.30ab |
8.60 ± 0.38ab |
5.70 ± 0.38ab |
67.67 ± 4.13a-d |
6.56 ± 0.14a |
Level of significance |
* |
** |
* |
* |
* |
** |