Version 1
: Received: 10 August 2023 / Approved: 11 August 2023 / Online: 11 August 2023 (10:11:49 CEST)
How to cite:
Munandar, A.; Rochima, E.; Panatarani, C.; Khastini, R. O. A Review of Isolation and Mechanism of the Crude Enzyme Chi-Tosanase for Chitosan Hydrolysis in the Production of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (COS). Preprints2023, 2023080916. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202308.0916.v1
Munandar, A.; Rochima, E.; Panatarani, C.; Khastini, R. O. A Review of Isolation and Mechanism of the Crude Enzyme Chi-Tosanase for Chitosan Hydrolysis in the Production of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (COS). Preprints 2023, 2023080916. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202308.0916.v1
Munandar, A.; Rochima, E.; Panatarani, C.; Khastini, R. O. A Review of Isolation and Mechanism of the Crude Enzyme Chi-Tosanase for Chitosan Hydrolysis in the Production of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (COS). Preprints2023, 2023080916. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202308.0916.v1
APA Style
Munandar, A., Rochima, E., Panatarani, C., & Khastini, R. O. (2023). A Review of Isolation and Mechanism of the Crude Enzyme Chi-Tosanase for Chitosan Hydrolysis in the Production of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (COS). Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202308.0916.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Munandar, A., Camellia Panatarani and Rida Oktarida Khastini. 2023 "A Review of Isolation and Mechanism of the Crude Enzyme Chi-Tosanase for Chitosan Hydrolysis in the Production of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (COS)" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202308.0916.v1
Abstract
COS production is carried out enzymatically using chitosanase, but this process is expensive. Production costs can be reduced by using crude enzyme chitosanase, and the resulting COS has depolymerization < 20 and molecular weight < 3900 Da. Sources of crude enzyme chitosanase come from the soil, sediment, and fishery waste. Chitosanase is produced from bacteria and molds isolated from the source or direct isolation process for extracellular enzymes, especially from fishery waste. Microorganisms in the soil produce chitosanase as a biocontrol and self-defense agent. Bacteria and molds have been isolated, including Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Paenibacillus sp., and Penicillium janthinellum. Fishery waste, especially parts of the digestive tract, is a source of chitosanase because of its relation to its nature and food, such as small fish, frogs, and several types of crustaceans. In addition, fishery waste can be used as a carbon and nitrogen source (C/N) in microorganism culture media. The chitin content becomes a stimulant for the synthesis of chitosanase by microorganisms. Crude enzyme chitosanase has an active site that hydrolyzes chitosan by breaking glycosidic bonds and producing glucosamine units (GlcN) and N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc). This mechanism can take place through two events, namely inverting and retaining. Crude enzyme chitosanase can break glycosidic bonds, especially with the same groups, for example, bonds between glucosamine or N-acetyl glucosamine. The COS produced is of the partially acetylated COS (paCOS) type, which still contains an acetyl group. The degree of deacetylation is a significant factor in the resulting COS product, COS with the fully deacetylated COS (fdCOS) type of chitosan with a high degree of deacetylation. Other factors to consider are the raw material of chitosan, the incubation time, the screening process, and the production of microorganism cultures.
Biology and Life Sciences, Biology and Biotechnology
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